Brett,
I don't know if you've found a solution as of yet, but I finally stumbled across one that fixed my issue that is almost identical to yours.
It turns out that one of the patches depreciates the use of the XDDM display driver in favor of the WDDM display driver and that causes this problem. In my case, I had a user remotely connecting to an office desktop from a desktop at their home, and every time they would reconnect, all their open apps would migrate over to a single monitor. They'd move them back and the next time they'd disconnect and reconnect the same thing would happen.
The solution is to modify the local group policy on the REMOTE machine (the one you are using RDP to connect to). This worked perfectly for me on a Windows 10 computer, so I'm assuming this will work on your Windows 10 VM, as well.
In [Local Group Policy Editor->Local Computer Policy->Administrative Templates->Windows Components->Remote Desktop Services->Remote Desktop Session Host->Remote Session Enviroment], set the Policy [Use WDDM graphics display driver for Remote Desktop Connections] to Disabled.
Here's a link to the full article where I found the fix:
https://superuser.com/questions/1489197/remote-desktop-forgets-multi-monitor-configuration
I hope that helps you out, if you haven't found this on your own already!