If it specifically needs to be a link to click for each answer, then you could either use the "When an HTTP Request is Received" trigger in Power Automate (though this is a premium trigger) - see post in this thread: https://powerusers.microsoft.com/t5/Building-Flows/Simple-url-trigger/m-p/62288/highlight/true#M5762
Otherwise, you'll need a coded solution (small web app calling SharePoint REST API), I think
However, have you thought of using an Outlook Poll? Or just using Microsoft Forms (which the polls are based on, and give you more control)? As standard, Forms save their results into an Excel file in OneDrive / Teams, and you can use a flow to copy the responses to a SharePoint list.