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Create an HTTPS ingress controller on Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)

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An ingress controller is a piece of software that provides reverse proxy, configurable traffic routing, and TLS termination for Kubernetes services. Kubernetes ingress resources are used to configure the ingress rules and routes for individual Kubernetes services. Using an ingress controller and ingress rules, a single IP address can be used to route traffic to multiple services in a Kubernetes cluster.

This article shows you how to deploy the NGINX ingress controller in an Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) cluster. The cert-manager project is used to automatically generate and configure Let's Encrypt certificates. Finally, two applications are run in the AKS cluster, each of which is accessible over a single IP address.

You can also:

Before you begin

This article assumes that you have an existing AKS cluster. If you need an AKS cluster, see the AKS quickstart using the Azure CLI, using Azure PowerShell, or using the Azure portal.

This article also assumes you have a custom domain with a DNS Zone in the same resource group as your AKS cluster.

This article uses Helm 3 to install the NGINX ingress controller on a supported version of Kubernetes. Make sure that you are using the latest release of Helm and have access to the ingress-nginx and jetstack Helm repositories. The steps outlined in this article may not be compatible with previous versions of the Helm chart, NGINX ingress controller, or Kubernetes.

For more information on configuring and using Helm, see Install applications with Helm in Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS). For upgrade instructions, see the Helm install docs.

In addition, this article assumes you have an existing AKS cluster with an integrated ACR. For more details on creating an AKS cluster with an integrated ACR, see Authenticate with Azure Container Registry from Azure Kubernetes Service.

This article also requires that you are running the Azure CLI version 2.0.64 or later. Run az --version to find the version. If you need to install or upgrade, see Install Azure CLI.

Import the images used by the Helm chart into your ACR

This article uses the NGINX ingress controller Helm chart, which relies on three container images.

Use az acr import to import those images into your ACR.

REGISTRY_NAME=<REGISTRY_NAME>
SOURCE_REGISTRY=k8s.gcr.io
CONTROLLER_IMAGE=ingress-nginx/controller
CONTROLLER_TAG=v1.0.4
PATCH_IMAGE=ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen
PATCH_TAG=v1.1.1
DEFAULTBACKEND_IMAGE=defaultbackend-amd64
DEFAULTBACKEND_TAG=1.5
CERT_MANAGER_REGISTRY=quay.io
CERT_MANAGER_TAG=v1.5.4
CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_CONTROLLER=jetstack/cert-manager-controller
CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_WEBHOOK=jetstack/cert-manager-webhook
CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_CAINJECTOR=jetstack/cert-manager-cainjector

az acr import --name $REGISTRY_NAME --source $SOURCE_REGISTRY/$CONTROLLER_IMAGE:$CONTROLLER_TAG --image $CONTROLLER_IMAGE:$CONTROLLER_TAG
az acr import --name $REGISTRY_NAME --source $SOURCE_REGISTRY/$PATCH_IMAGE:$PATCH_TAG --image $PATCH_IMAGE:$PATCH_TAG
az acr import --name $REGISTRY_NAME --source $SOURCE_REGISTRY/$DEFAULTBACKEND_IMAGE:$DEFAULTBACKEND_TAG --image $DEFAULTBACKEND_IMAGE:$DEFAULTBACKEND_TAG
az acr import --name $REGISTRY_NAME --source $CERT_MANAGER_REGISTRY/$CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_CONTROLLER:$CERT_MANAGER_TAG --image $CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_CONTROLLER:$CERT_MANAGER_TAG
az acr import --name $REGISTRY_NAME --source $CERT_MANAGER_REGISTRY/$CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_WEBHOOK:$CERT_MANAGER_TAG --image $CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_WEBHOOK:$CERT_MANAGER_TAG
az acr import --name $REGISTRY_NAME --source $CERT_MANAGER_REGISTRY/$CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_CAINJECTOR:$CERT_MANAGER_TAG --image $CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_CAINJECTOR:$CERT_MANAGER_TAG

Note

In addition to importing container images into your ACR, you can also import Helm charts into your ACR. For more information, see Push and pull Helm charts to an Azure container registry.

Create an ingress controller

To create the ingress controller, use the helm command to install nginx-ingress. For added redundancy, two replicas of the NGINX ingress controllers are deployed with the --set controller.replicaCount parameter. To fully benefit from running replicas of the ingress controller, make sure there's more than one node in your AKS cluster.

The ingress controller also needs to be scheduled on a Linux node. Windows Server nodes shouldn't run the ingress controller. A node selector is specified using the --set nodeSelector parameter to tell the Kubernetes scheduler to run the NGINX ingress controller on a Linux-based node.

Tip

The following example creates a Kubernetes namespace for the ingress resources named ingress-basic and is intended to work within that namespace. Specify a namespace for your own environment as needed.

Tip

If you would like to enable client source IP preservation for requests to containers in your cluster, add --set controller.service.externalTrafficPolicy=Local to the Helm install command. The client source IP is stored in the request header under X-Forwarded-For. When using an ingress controller with client source IP preservation enabled, TLS pass-through will not work.

# Add the ingress-nginx repository
helm repo add ingress-nginx https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx

# Set variable for ACR location to use for pulling images
ACR_URL=<REGISTRY_URL>

# Use Helm to deploy an NGINX ingress controller
helm install nginx-ingress ingress-nginx/ingress-nginx \
    --version 4.0.13 \
    --namespace ingress-basic --create-namespace \
    --set controller.replicaCount=2 \
    --set controller.nodeSelector."kubernetes\.io/os"=linux \
    --set controller.image.registry=$ACR_URL \
    --set controller.image.image=$CONTROLLER_IMAGE \
    --set controller.image.tag=$CONTROLLER_TAG \
    --set controller.image.digest="" \
    --set controller.admissionWebhooks.patch.nodeSelector."kubernetes\.io/os"=linux \
    --set controller.service.annotations."service\.beta\.kubernetes\.io/azure-load-balancer-health-probe-request-path"=/healthz \
    --set controller.admissionWebhooks.patch.image.registry=$ACR_URL \
    --set controller.admissionWebhooks.patch.image.image=$PATCH_IMAGE \
    --set controller.admissionWebhooks.patch.image.tag=$PATCH_TAG \
    --set controller.admissionWebhooks.patch.image.digest="" \
    --set defaultBackend.nodeSelector."kubernetes\.io/os"=linux \
    --set defaultBackend.image.registry=$ACR_URL \
    --set defaultBackend.image.image=$DEFAULTBACKEND_IMAGE \
    --set defaultBackend.image.tag=$DEFAULTBACKEND_TAG \
    --set defaultBackend.image.digest=""

During the installation, an Azure public IP address is created for the ingress controller. This public IP address is static for the life-span of the ingress controller. If you delete the ingress controller, the public IP address assignment is lost. If you then create an additional ingress controller, a new public IP address is assigned. If you wish to retain the use of the public IP address, you can instead create an ingress controller with a static public IP address.

To get the public IP address, use the kubectl get service command. It takes a few minutes for the IP address to be assigned to the service.

$ kubectl --namespace ingress-basic get services -o wide -w nginx-ingress-ingress-nginx-controller

NAME                                     TYPE           CLUSTER-IP    EXTERNAL-IP     PORT(S)                      AGE   SELECTOR
nginx-ingress-ingress-nginx-controller   LoadBalancer   10.0.74.133   EXTERNAL_IP     80:32486/TCP,443:30953/TCP   44s   app.kubernetes.io/component=controller,app.kubernetes.io/instance=nginx-ingress,app.kubernetes.io/name=ingress-nginx

No ingress rules have been created yet. If you browse to the public IP address, the NGINX ingress controller's default 404 page is displayed.

Add an A record to your DNS zone

Add an A record to your DNS zone with the external IP address of the NGINX service using az network dns record-set a add-record.

az network dns record-set a add-record \
    --resource-group myResourceGroup \
    --zone-name MY_CUSTOM_DOMAIN \
    --record-set-name "*" \
    --ipv4-address MY_EXTERNAL_IP

Configure an FQDN for the ingress controller

Optionally, you can configure an FQDN for the ingress controller IP address instead of a custom domain. Your FQDN will be of the form <CUSTOM LABEL>.<AZURE REGION NAME>.cloudapp.azure.com.

There are two methods for this configuration described below.

Method 1: Set the DNS label using the Azure CLI

Note that this sample is for a Bash shell.

# Public IP address of your ingress controller
IP="MY_EXTERNAL_IP"

# Name to associate with public IP address
DNSNAME="demo-aks-ingress"

# Get the resource-id of the public ip
PUBLICIPID=$(az network public-ip list --query "[?ipAddress!=null]|[?contains(ipAddress, '$IP')].[id]" --output tsv)

# Update public ip address with DNS name
az network public-ip update --ids $PUBLICIPID --dns-name $DNSNAME

# Display the FQDN
az network public-ip show --ids $PUBLICIPID --query "[dnsSettings.fqdn]" --output tsv

Method 2: Set the DNS label using helm chart settings

You can pass an annotation setting to your helm chart configuration by using the --set controller.service.annotations."service\.beta\.kubernetes\.io/azure-dns-label-name" parameter. This can be set either when the ingress controller is first deployed, or it can be configured later. The following example shows how to update this setting after the controller has been deployed.

DNS_LABEL="demo-aks-ingress"
NAMESPACE="nginx-basic"

helm upgrade ingress-nginx ingress-nginx/ingress-nginx \
  --namespace $NAMESPACE \
  --set controller.service.annotations."service\.beta\.kubernetes\.io/azure-dns-label-name"=$DNS_LABEL

Install cert-manager

The NGINX ingress controller supports TLS termination. There are several ways to retrieve and configure certificates for HTTPS. This article demonstrates using cert-manager, which provides automatic Lets Encrypt certificate generation and management functionality.

To install the cert-manager controller:

# Label the ingress-basic namespace to disable resource validation
kubectl label namespace ingress-basic cert-manager.io/disable-validation=true

# Add the Jetstack Helm repository
helm repo add jetstack https://charts.jetstack.io

# Update your local Helm chart repository cache
helm repo update

# Install the cert-manager Helm chart
helm install cert-manager jetstack/cert-manager \
  --namespace ingress-basic \
  --version $CERT_MANAGER_TAG \
  --set installCRDs=true \
  --set nodeSelector."kubernetes\.io/os"=linux \
  --set image.repository=$ACR_URL/$CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_CONTROLLER \
  --set image.tag=$CERT_MANAGER_TAG \
  --set webhook.image.repository=$ACR_URL/$CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_WEBHOOK \
  --set webhook.image.tag=$CERT_MANAGER_TAG \
  --set cainjector.image.repository=$ACR_URL/$CERT_MANAGER_IMAGE_CAINJECTOR \
  --set cainjector.image.tag=$CERT_MANAGER_TAG

For more information on cert-manager configuration, see the cert-manager project.

Create a CA cluster issuer

Before certificates can be issued, cert-manager requires an Issuer or ClusterIssuer resource. These Kubernetes resources are identical in functionality, however Issuer works in a single namespace, and ClusterIssuer works across all namespaces. For more information, see the cert-manager issuer documentation.

Create a cluster issuer, such as cluster-issuer.yaml, using the following example manifest. Update the email address with a valid address from your organization:

apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: letsencrypt
spec:
  acme:
    server: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
    email: MY_EMAIL_ADDRESS
    privateKeySecretRef:
      name: letsencrypt
    solvers:
    - http01:
        ingress:
          class: nginx
          podTemplate:
            spec:
              nodeSelector:
                "kubernetes.io/os": linux

To create the issuer, use the kubectl apply command.

kubectl apply -f cluster-issuer.yaml

Run demo applications

An ingress controller and a certificate management solution have been configured. Now let's run two demo applications in your AKS cluster. In this example, Helm is used to deploy two instances of a simple Hello world application.

To see the ingress controller in action, run two demo applications in your AKS cluster. In this example, you use kubectl apply to deploy two instances of a simple Hello world application.

Create a aks-helloworld-one.yaml file and copy in the following example YAML:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: aks-helloworld-one
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: aks-helloworld-one
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: aks-helloworld-one
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: aks-helloworld-one
        image: mcr.microsoft.com/azuredocs/aks-helloworld:v1
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        env:
        - name: TITLE
          value: "Welcome to Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)"
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: aks-helloworld-one
spec:
  type: ClusterIP
  ports:
  - port: 80
  selector:
    app: aks-helloworld-one

Create a aks-helloworld-two.yaml file and copy in the following example YAML:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: aks-helloworld-two
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: aks-helloworld-two
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: aks-helloworld-two
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: aks-helloworld-two
        image: mcr.microsoft.com/azuredocs/aks-helloworld:v1
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        env:
        - name: TITLE
          value: "AKS Ingress Demo"
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: aks-helloworld-two
spec:
  type: ClusterIP
  ports:
  - port: 80
  selector:
    app: aks-helloworld-two

Run the two demo applications using kubectl apply:

kubectl apply -f aks-helloworld-one.yaml --namespace ingress-basic
kubectl apply -f aks-helloworld-two.yaml --namespace ingress-basic

Create an ingress route

Both applications are now running on your Kubernetes cluster. However they're configured with a service of type ClusterIP and aren't accessible from the internet. To make them publicly available, create a Kubernetes ingress resource. The ingress resource configures the rules that route traffic to one of the two applications.

In the following example, traffic to the address hello-world-ingress.MY_CUSTOM_DOMAIN is routed to the aks-helloworld-one service. Traffic to the address hello-world-ingress.MY_CUSTOM_DOMAIN/hello-world-two is routed to the aks-helloworld-two service. Traffic to hello-world-ingress.MY_CUSTOM_DOMAIN/static is routed to the service named aks-helloworld-one for static assets.

Note

If you configured an FQDN for the ingress controller IP address instead of a custom domain, use the FQDN instead of hello-world-ingress.MY_CUSTOM_DOMAIN. For example if your FQDN is demo-aks-ingress.eastus.cloudapp.azure.com, replace hello-world-ingress.MY_CUSTOM_DOMAIN with demo-aks-ingress.eastus.cloudapp.azure.com in hello-world-ingress.yaml.

Create a file named hello-world-ingress.yaml using below example YAML. Update the hosts and host to the DNS name you created in a previous step.

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: hello-world-ingress
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /$2
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/use-regex: "true"
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt
spec:
  ingressClassName: nginx
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - hello-world-ingress.MY_CUSTOM_DOMAIN
    secretName: tls-secret
  rules:
  - host: hello-world-ingress.MY_CUSTOM_DOMAIN
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /hello-world-one(/|$)(.*)
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: aks-helloworld-one
            port:
              number: 80
      - path: /hello-world-two(/|$)(.*)
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: aks-helloworld-two
            port:
              number: 80
      - path: /(.*)
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: aks-helloworld-one
            port:
              number: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: hello-world-ingress-static
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /static/$2
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/use-regex: "true"
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt
spec:
  ingressClassName: nginx
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - hello-world-ingress.MY_CUSTOM_DOMAIN
    secretName: tls-secret
  rules:
  - host: hello-world-ingress.MY_CUSTOM_DOMAIN
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /static(/|$)(.*)
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: aks-helloworld-one
            port: 
              number: 80

Create the ingress resource using the kubectl apply command.

kubectl apply -f hello-world-ingress.yaml --namespace ingress-basic

Verify a certificate object has been created

Next, a certificate resource must be created. The certificate resource defines the desired X.509 certificate. For more information, see cert-manager certificates. Cert-manager has automatically created a certificate object for you using ingress-shim, which is automatically deployed with cert-manager since v0.2.2. For more information, see the ingress-shim documentation.

To verify that the certificate was created successfully, use the kubectl get certificate --namespace ingress-basic command and verify READY is True, which may take several minutes.

$ kubectl get certificate --namespace ingress-basic

NAME         READY   SECRET       AGE
tls-secret   True    tls-secret   11m

Test the ingress configuration

Open a web browser to hello-world-ingress.MY_CUSTOM_DOMAIN of your Kubernetes ingress controller. Notice you are redirect to use HTTPS and the certificate is trusted and the demo application is shown in the web browser. Add the /hello-world-two path and notice the second demo application with the custom title is shown.

Clean up resources

This article used Helm to install the ingress components, certificates, and sample apps. When you deploy a Helm chart, a number of Kubernetes resources are created. These resources includes pods, deployments, and services. To clean up these resources, you can either delete the entire sample namespace, or the individual resources.

Delete the sample namespace and all resources

To delete the entire sample namespace, use the kubectl delete command and specify your namespace name. All the resources in the namespace are deleted.

kubectl delete namespace ingress-basic

Delete resources individually

Alternatively, a more granular approach is to delete the individual resources created. First, remove the cluster issuer resources:

kubectl delete -f cluster-issuer.yaml --namespace ingress-basic

List the Helm releases with the helm list command. Look for charts named nginx and cert-manager, as shown in the following example output:

$ helm list --namespace ingress-basic

NAME                    NAMESPACE       REVISION        UPDATED                                 STATUS          CHART                   APP VERSION
cert-manager            ingress-basic   1               2020-01-15 10:23:36.515514 -0600 CST    deployed        cert-manager-v0.13.0    v0.13.0    
nginx                   ingress-basic   1               2020-01-15 10:09:45.982693 -0600 CST    deployed        nginx-ingress-1.29.1    0.27.0

Uninstall the releases with the helm uninstall command. The following example uninstalls the NGINX ingress and cert-manager deployments.

$ helm uninstall cert-manager nginx --namespace ingress-basic

release "cert-manager" uninstalled
release "nginx" uninstalled

Next, remove the two sample applications:

kubectl delete -f aks-helloworld-one.yaml --namespace ingress-basic
kubectl delete -f aks-helloworld-two.yaml --namespace ingress-basic

Remove the ingress route that directed traffic to the sample apps:

kubectl delete -f hello-world-ingress.yaml --namespace ingress-basic

Finally, you can delete the itself namespace. Use the kubectl delete command and specify your namespace name:

kubectl delete namespace ingress-basic

Next steps

This article included some external components to AKS. To learn more about these components, see the following project pages:

You can also: