Configure and customize SQL Server Docker containers

Članak
04/21/2022
7 min. za čitanje

Applies to: SQL Server (all supported versions) - Linux

This article explains how you can configure and customize SQL Server Docker containers, such as persisting your data, moving files from and to containers, and changing default settings.

Create a customized container

It is possible to create your own Dockerfile to create a customized SQL Server container. For more information, see a demo that combines SQL Server and a Node application. If you do create your own Dockerfile, be aware of the foreground process, because this process controls the life of the container. If it exits, the container will shut down. For example, if you want to run a script and start SQL Server, make sure that the SQL Server process is the right-most command. All other commands are run in the background. The following command illustrates this inside a Dockerfile:

/usr/src/app/do-my-sql-commands.sh & /opt/mssql/bin/sqlservr

If you reversed the commands in the previous example, the container would shut down when the do-my-sql-commands.sh script completes.

Persist your data

Your SQL Server configuration changes and database files are persisted in the container even if you restart the container with docker stop and docker start. However, if you remove the container with docker rm, everything in the container is deleted, including SQL Server and your databases. The following section explains how to use data volumes to persist your database files even if the associated containers are deleted.

Important

For SQL Server, it is critical that you understand data persistence in Docker. In addition to the discussion in this section, see Docker's documentation on how to manage data in Docker containers.

Mount a host directory as data volume

The first option is to mount a directory on your host as a data volume in your container. To do that, use the docker run command with the -v <host directory>:/var/opt/mssql flag. This allows the data to be restored between container executions.

Note

SQL Server 2019 containers automatically start up as non-root, while SQL Server 2017 containers start as root by default. For more information on running SQL Server containers as non-root, see Configure security.

docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>' -p 1433:1433 -v <host directory>/data:/var/opt/mssql/data -v <host directory>/log:/var/opt/mssql/log -v <host directory>/secrets:/var/opt/mssql/secrets -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" -p 1433:1433 -v <host directory>/data:/var/opt/mssql/data -v <host directory>/log:/var/opt/mssql/log -v <host directory>/secrets:/var/opt/mssql/secrets -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" -p 1433:1433 -v <host directory>/data:/var/opt/mssql/data -v <host directory>/log:/var/opt/mssql/log -v <host directory>/secrets:/var/opt/mssql/secrets -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>' -p 1433:1433 -v <host directory>/data:/var/opt/mssql/data -v <host directory>/log:/var/opt/mssql/log -v <host directory>/secrets:/var/opt/mssql/secrets -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" -p 1433:1433 -v <host directory>/data:/var/opt/mssql/data -v <host directory>/log:/var/opt/mssql/log -v <host directory>/secrets:/var/opt/mssql/secrets -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" -p 1433:1433 -v <host directory>/data:/var/opt/mssql/data -v <host directory>/log:/var/opt/mssql/log -v <host directory>/secrets:/var/opt/mssql/secrets -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

This technique also enables you to share and view the files on the host outside of Docker.

Use data volume containers

The second option is to use a data volume container. You can create a data volume container by specifying a volume name instead of a host directory with the -v parameter. The following example creates a shared data volume named sqlvolume.

docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>' -p 1433:1433 -v sqlvolume:/var/opt/mssql -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" -p 1433:1433 -v sqlvolume:/var/opt/mssql -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" -p 1433:1433 -v sqlvolume:/var/opt/mssql -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>' -p 1433:1433 -v sqlvolume:/var/opt/mssql -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" -p 1433:1433 -v sqlvolume:/var/opt/mssql -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" -p 1433:1433 -v sqlvolume:/var/opt/mssql -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

Note

This technique for implicitly creating a data volume in the run command does not work with older versions of Docker. In that case, use the explicit steps outlined in the Docker documentation, Creating and mounting a data volume container.

Even if you stop and remove this container, the data volume persists. You can view it with the docker volume ls command.

docker volume ls

If you then create another container with the same volume name, the new container uses the same SQL Server data contained in the volume.

To remove a data volume container, use the docker volume rm command.

Warning

If you delete the data volume container, any SQL Server data in the container is permanently deleted.

Backup and restore

In addition to these container techniques, you can also use standard SQL Server backup and restore techniques. You can use backup files to protect your data or to move the data to another SQL Server instance. For more information, see Backup and restore SQL Server databases on Linux.

Warning

If you do create backups, make sure to create or copy the backup files outside of the container. Otherwise, if the container is removed, the backup files are also deleted.

Enable VDI backup and restore in containers

Virtual Device Interface (VDI) backup and restore operations are now supported in SQL Server container deployments beginning with CU15 for SQL Server 2019 and CU28 for SQL Server 2017. Follow the steps below to enable VDI-based backup or restores for SQL Server containers:

When deploying SQL Server containers, use the --shm-size option. To begin, set the sizing to 1 GB, as shown in the sample command below:

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "SA_PASSWORD=Mystr0ngP@ssw0rd!" --shm-size 1g  -p 1433:1433 --name sql19 --hostname sql19 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

The option --shm-size allows you to configure the size of the shared memory directory (/dev/shm) inside the container, which is set to 64 MB by default. This default size of the shared memory is insufficient to support VDI backups. We recommend that you configure this to a minimum of 1 GB when you deploy SQL Server containers and want to support VDI backups.

You must also enable the new parameter memory.enablecontainersharedmemory in mssql.conf inside the container. You can mount mssql.conf at the deployment of the container using the -v option as described in the Persist your data section, or after you have deployed the container by manually updating mssql.conf inside the container. Here's a sample mssql.conf file with the memory.enablecontainersharedmemory setting set to true.

[memory]
enablecontainersharedmemory = true

Copy files from a container

To copy a file out of the container, use the following command:

docker cp <Container ID>:<Container path> <host path>

You can get the Container ID by running the command docker ps -a.

Example:

docker cp d6b75213ef80:/var/opt/mssql/log/errorlog /tmp/errorlog

docker cp d6b75213ef80:/var/opt/mssql/log/errorlog C:\Temp\errorlog

docker cp d6b75213ef80:/var/opt/mssql/log/errorlog C:\Temp\errorlog

Copy files into a container

To copy a file into the container, use the following command:

docker cp <Host path> <Container ID>:<Container path>

Example:

docker cp /tmp/mydb.mdf d6b75213ef80:/var/opt/mssql/data

docker cp C:\Temp\mydb.mdf d6b75213ef80:/var/opt/mssql/data

docker cp C:\Temp\mydb.mdf d6b75213ef80:/var/opt/mssql/data

Configure the timezone

To run SQL Server in a Linux container with a specific timezone, configure the TZ environment variable. To find the right timezone value, run the tzselect command from a Linux bash prompt:

tzselect

After selecting the timezone, tzselect displays output similar to the following:

The following information has been given:

        United States
        Pacific

Therefore TZ='America/Los_Angeles' will be used.

You can use this information to set the same environment variable in your Linux container. The following example shows how to run SQL Server in a container in the Americas/Los_Angeles timezone:

sudo docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'A_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>' \
-p 1433:1433 --name sql1 \
-e 'TZ=America/Los_Angeles'\
-d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

sudo docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e "SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" `
-p 1433:1433 --name sql1 `
-e "TZ=America/Los_Angeles" `
-d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

sudo docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e "SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" `
-p 1433:1433 --name sql1 ^
-e "TZ=America/Los_Angeles" ^
-d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

sudo docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>' \
   -p 1433:1433 --name sql1 \
   -e 'TZ=America/Los_Angeles'\
   -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

sudo docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" `
   -p 1433:1433 --name sql1 `
   -e "TZ=America/Los_Angeles" `
   -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

sudo docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<YourStrong!Passw0rd>" `
   -p 1433:1433 --name sql1 `
   -e "TZ=America/Los_Angeles" `
   -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

Change the default file location

Add the MSSQL_DATA_DIR variable to change your data directory in your docker run command, then mount a volume to that location that your container’s user has access to.

docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'SA_PASSWORD=MyStrongPassword' -e 'MSSQL_DATA_DIR=/my/file/path' -v /my/host/path:/my/file/path -p 1433:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e "SA_PASSWORD=MyStrongPassword" -e "MSSQL_DATA_DIR=/my/file/path" -v /my/host/path:/my/file/path -p 1433:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "SA_PASSWORD=MyStrongPassword" -e "MSSQL_DATA_DIR=/my/file/path" -v /my/host/path:/my/file/path -p 1433:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest

docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'SA_PASSWORD=MyStrongPassword' -e 'MSSQL_DATA_DIR=/my/file/path' -v /my/host/path:/my/file/path -p 1433:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e "SA_PASSWORD=MyStrongPassword" -e "MSSQL_DATA_DIR=/my/file/path" -v /my/host/path:/my/file/path -p 1433:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "SA_PASSWORD=MyStrongPassword" -e "MSSQL_DATA_DIR=/my/file/path" -v /my/host/path:/my/file/path -p 1433:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

Examples of custom Docker containers

For examples of custom Docker containers, see https://github.com/microsoft/mssql-docker/tree/master/linux/preview/examples. The examples include:

For information on how to build and run Docker containers using Dockerfiles, see https://github.com/microsoft/mssql-docker/tree/master/linux/preview/examples/mssql-mlservices.

Next steps

Get started with SQL Server 2017 container images on Docker by going through the quickstart

Get started with SQL Server 2019 container images on Docker by going through the quickstart