I have an update on this and I hope it helps others.
My account was set as one of the administrators, which forced me to use Authenticator to confirm my login on Teams (as in any other O365 application).
When my account was removed for the administrators and became just a simple user, the Authenticator was no longer required and I no longer had the login loop effect, allowing me to login and use Teams (and other applications) on Firefox in Linux.
My tip for this is: check if Authenticator - or other entropy 2 factor authentication - is the reason for such loop.