It is very odd to block the port 443. It is usually the only one open even on public kiosk machine or airport WiFi...
In theory you can change the HTTPS port on the ADFS server with Set-AdfsProperties. But it will require to re-configure all applications as in a passive flow, it is the application redirecting the users to the ADFS farm. Also if you change the port to something different than the 443, you might prevent many users to access the application externally for the same reason as you invoke. It is very possible that they might only connect to specific ports and usually the 443 is the one universally white listed.