I have made this work:
New-AzureADPolicy -Definition @('{"ClaimsMappingPolicy":{"Version":1,"IncludeBasicClaimSet":"true","ClaimsSchema":[{"Source":"user","ID":"userprincipalname"},{"Source":"transformation","ID":"ExtractPrefix","TransformationId":"ExtractThePrefix","JwtClaimType":"username_prefix"}],"ClaimsTransformations":[{"ID":"ExtractThePrefix","TransformationMethod":"ExtractMailPrefix","InputClaims":[{"ClaimTypeReferenceId":"userprincipalname","TransformationClaimType":"mail"}],"OutputClaims":[{"ClaimTypeReferenceId":"ExtractPrefix","TransformationClaimType":"outputClaim"}]}]}}') -DisplayName "Username Prefix Extraction Claims Mapping Policy" -Type "ClaimsMappingPolicy"
and submitted a doc update request: https://github.com/MicrosoftDocs/azure-docs/issues/93415