Not a standard setup I can image.
I am running in a Docker container based on debian:sid-slim installing the following packages and then installing the Teams deb file.
X11 is forwarded to my host machine using .Xauthority for security and Pulse audio setup against my local pulse daemon. Teams executes without errors and audio is working fine.
libasound2 \
libatk-bridge2.0-0 \
libatk1.0-0 \
libcairo2 \
libcups2 \
libexpat1 \
libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 \
libglib2.0-0 \
libgtk-3-0 \
libnspr4 \
libnss3 \
libpango-1.0-0 \
libpangocairo-1.0-0 \
libsecret-1-0 \
libx11-6 \
libx11-xcb1 \
libxcb1 \
libxcomposite1 \
libxcursor1 \
libxdamage1 \
libxext6 \
libxfixes3 \
libxi6 \
libxkbfile1 \
libxrandr2 \
libxrender1 \
libxss1 \
libxtst6 \
libfontconfig1 \
libdbus-1-3 \
alsa-utils \
libasound2-plugins \
pulseaudio \
pulseaudio-utils \