Run a System File Check on your operating system. Open command prompt or PowerShell with administrator rights, type sfc /scannow, and then press Enter. Once the file check completes, attempt to open Settings.
Reinstall the Settings app. Open command prompt or PowerShell with administrator rights, type the following command, and then press Enter. This should re-register and reinstall all apps.
Get-AppXPackage | foreach {Add-AppxPackage -DisableDevelopmentMode -Register "$($_.InstallLocation)\AppXManifest.xml"}