API Management transformation policies

  • 17 minutes to read
  • Contributors

This topic provides a reference for the following API Management policies. For information on adding and configuring policies, see Policies in API Management.

Transformation policies

Convert JSON to XML

The json-to-xml policy converts a request or response body from JSON to XML.

Policy statement

<json-to-xml apply="always | content-type-json" consider-accept-header="true | false" parse-date="true | false"/>

Example

<policies>
    <inbound>
        <base />
    </inbound>
    <outbound>
        <base />
        <json-to-xml apply="always" consider-accept-header="false" parse-date="false"/>
    </outbound>
</policies>

Elements

Name Description Required
json-to-xml Root element. Yes

Attributes

Name Description Required Default
apply The attribute must be set to one of the following values.

- always - always apply conversion.
- content-type-json - convert only if response Content-Type header indicates presence of JSON.		 Yes N/A
consider-accept-header The attribute must be set to one of the following values.

- true - apply conversion if JSON is requested in request Accept header.
- false -always apply conversion.		 No true
parse-date When set to false date values are simply copied during transformation No true

Usage

This policy can be used in the following policy sections and scopes.

  • Policy sections: inbound, outbound, on-error

  • Policy scopes: global, product, API, operation

Convert XML to JSON

The xml-to-json policy converts a request or response body from XML to JSON. This policy can be used to modernize APIs based on XML-only backend web services.

Policy statement

<xml-to-json kind="javascript-friendly | direct" apply="always | content-type-xml" consider-accept-header="true | false"/>

Example

<policies>
    <inbound>
        <base />
    </inbound>
    <outbound>
        <base />
        <xml-to-json kind="direct" apply="always" consider-accept-header="false" />
    </outbound>
</policies>

Elements

Name Description Required
xml-to-json Root element. Yes

Attributes

Name Description Required Default
kind The attribute must be set to one of the following values.

- javascript-friendly - the converted JSON has a form friendly to JavaScript developers.
- direct - the converted JSON reflects the original XML document's structure.		 Yes N/A
apply The attribute must be set to one of the following values.

- always - convert always.
- content-type-xml - convert only if response Content-Type header indicates presence of XML.		 Yes N/A
consider-accept-header The attribute must be set to one of the following values.

- true - apply conversion if XML is requested in request Accept header.
- false -always apply conversion.		 No true

Usage

This policy can be used in the following policy sections and scopes.

  • Policy sections: inbound, outbound, on-error

  • Policy scopes: global, product, API, operation

Find and replace string in body

The find-and-replace policy finds a request or response substring and replaces it with a different substring.

Policy statement

<find-and-replace from="what to replace" to="replacement" />

Example

<find-and-replace from="notebook" to="laptop" />

Elements

Name Description Required
find-and-replace Root element. Yes

Attributes

Name Description Required Default
from The string to search for. Yes N/A
to The replacement string. Specify a zero length replacement string to remove the search string. Yes N/A

Usage

This policy can be used in the following policy sections and scopes.

  • Policy sections: inbound, outbound, backend, on-error

  • Policy scopes: global, product, API, operation

Mask URLs in content

The redirect-content-urls policy re-writes (masks) links in the response body so that they point to the equivalent link via the gateway. Use in the outbound section to re-write response body links to make them point to the gateway. Use in the inbound section for an opposite effect.

Note

This policy does not change any header values such as Location headers. To change header values, use the set-header policy.

Policy statement

<redirect-content-urls />

Example

<redirect-content-urls />

Elements

Name Description Required
redirect-content-urls Root element. Yes

Usage

This policy can be used in the following policy sections and scopes.

  • Policy sections: inbound, outbound

  • Policy scopes: global, product, API, operation

Set backend service

Use the set-backend-service policy to redirect an incoming request to a different backend than the one specified in the API settings for that operation. This policy changes the backend service base URL of the incoming request to the one specified in the policy.

Policy statement

<set-backend-service base-url="base URL of the backend service" />

or

<set-backend-service backend-id="identifier of the backend entity specifying base URL of the backend service" />

Note

Backend entities can be managed via management API and PowerShell.

Example

<policies>
    <inbound>
        <choose>
            <when condition="@(context.Request.Url.Query.GetValueOrDefault("version") == "2013-05")">
                <set-backend-service base-url="http://contoso.com/api/8.2/" />
            </when>
            <when condition="@(context.Request.Url.Query.GetValueOrDefault("version") == "2014-03")">
                <set-backend-service base-url="http://contoso.com/api/9.1/" />
            </when>
        </choose>
        <base />
    </inbound>
    <outbound>
        <base />
    </outbound>
</policies>

In this example the set backend service policy routes requests based on the version value passed in the query string to a different backend service than the one specified in the API.

Initially the backend service base URL is derived from the API settings. So the request URL https://contoso.azure-api.net/api/partners/15?version=2013-05&subscription-key=abcdef becomes http://contoso.com/api/10.4/partners/15?version=2013-05&subscription-key=abcdef where http://contoso.com/api/10.4/ is the backend service URL specified in the API settings.

When the <choose> policy statement is applied the backend service base URL may change again either to http://contoso.com/api/8.2 or http://contoso.com/api/9.1, depending on the value of the version request query parameter. For example, if the value is "2013-15" the final request URL becomes http://contoso.com/api/8.2/partners/15?version=2013-05&subscription-key=abcdef.

If further transformation of the request is desired, other Transformation policies can be used. For example, to remove the version query parameter now that the request is being routed to a version specific backend, the Set query string parameter policy can be used to remove the now redundant version attribute.

Example

<policies>
    <inbound>
        <set-backend-service backend-id="my-sf-service" sf-partition-key="@(context.Request.Url.Query.GetValueOrDefault("userId","")" sf-replica-type="primary" />
    </inbound>
    <outbound>
        <base />
    </outbound>
</policies>

In this example the policy routes the request to a service fabric backend, using the userId query string as the partition key and using the primary replica of the partition.

Elements

Name Description Required
set-backend-service Root element. Yes

Attributes

Name Description Required Default
base-url New backend service base URL. One of base-url or backend-id must be present. N/A
backend-id Identifier of the backend to route to. (Backend entities are managed via API and PowerShell.) One of base-url or backend-id must be present. N/A
sf-partition-key Only applicable when the backend is a Service Fabric service and is specified using 'backend-id'. Used to resolve a specific partition from the name resolution service. No N/A
sf-replica-type Only applicable when the backend is a Service Fabric service and is specified using 'backend-id'. Controls if the request should go to the primary or secondary replica of a partition. No N/A
sf-resolve-condition Only applicable when the backend is a Service Fabric service. Condition identifying if the call to Service Fabric backend has to be repeated with new resolution. No N/A
sf-service-instance-name Only applicable when the backend is a Service Fabric service. Allows to change service instances at runtime. No N/A
sf-listener-name Only applicable when the backend is a Service Fabric service and is specified using ‘backend-id’. Service Fabric Reliable Services allows you to create multiple listeners in a service. This attribute is used to select a specific listener when a backend Reliable Service has more than one listener. If this attribute is not specified, API Management will attempt to use a listener without a name. A listener without a name is typical for Reliable Services that have only one listener. No N/A

Usage

This policy can be used in the following policy sections and scopes.

  • Policy sections: inbound, backend

  • Policy scopes: global, product, API, operation

Set body

Use the set-body policy to set the message body for incoming and outgoing requests. To access the message body you can use the context.Request.Body property or the context.Response.Body, depending on whether the policy is in the inbound or outbound section.

Important

Note that by default when you access the message body using context.Request.Body or context.Response.Body, the original message body is lost and must be set by returning the body back in the expression. To preserve the body content, set the preserveContent parameter to true when accessing the message. If preserveContent is set to true and a different body is returned by the expression, the returned body is used.

Please note the following considerations when using the set-body policy.

  • If you are using the set-body policy to return a new or updated body you don't need to set preserveContent to true because you are explicitly supplying the new body contents.
    • Preserving the content of a response in the inbound pipeline doesn't make sense because there is no response yet.
    • Preserving the content of a request in the outbound pipeline doesn't make sense because the request has already been sent to the backend at this point.
    • If this policy is used when there is no message body, for example in an inbound GET, an exception is thrown.

For more information, see the context.Request.Body, context.Response.Body, and the IMessage sections in the Context variable table.

Policy statement

<set-body>new body value as text</set-body>

Examples

Literal text example

<set-body>Hello world!</set-body>

Example accessing the body as a string. Note that we are preserving the original request body so that we can access it later in the pipeline.

<set-body>
@{ 
    string inBody = context.Request.Body.As<string>(preserveContent: true); 
    if (inBody[0] =='c') { 
        inBody[0] = 'm'; 
    } 
    return inBody; 
}
</set-body>

Example accessing the body as a JObject. Note that since we are not reserving the original request body, accessing it later in the pipeline will result in an exception.

<set-body> 
@{ 
    JObject inBody = context.Request.Body.As<JObject>(); 
    if (inBody.attribute == <tag>) { 
        inBody[0] = 'm'; 
    } 
    return inBody.ToString(); 
} 
</set-body>

Filter response based on product

This example shows how to perform content filtering by removing data elements from the response received from the backend service when using the Starter product. For a demonstration of configuring and using this policy, see Cloud Cover Episode 177: More API Management Features with Vlad Vinogradsky and fast-forward to 34:30. Start at 31:50 to see an overview of The Dark Sky Forecast API used for this demo.

<!-- Copy this snippet into the outbound section to remove a number of data elements from the response received from the backend service based on the name of the api product -->
<choose>
  <when condition="@(context.Response.StatusCode == 200 && context.Product.Name.Equals("Starter"))">
    <set-body>@{
        var response = context.Response.Body.As<JObject>();
        foreach (var key in new [] {"minutely", "hourly", "daily", "flags"}) {
          response.Property (key).Remove ();
        }
        return response.ToString();
      }
    </set-body>
  </when>
</choose>

Using Liquid templates with set body

The set-body policy can be configured to use the Liquid templating language to transform the body of a request or response. This can be very effective if you need to completely reshape the format of your message.

Important

The implementation of Liquid used in the set-body policy is configured in 'C# mode'. This is particularly important when doing things such as filtering. As an example, using a date filter requires the use of Pascal casing and C# date formatting e.g.:

{{body.foo.startDateTime| Date:"yyyyMMddTHH:mm:ddZ"}}

Important

In order to correctly bind to an XML body using the Liquid template, use a set-header policy to set Content-Type to either application/xml, text/xml (or any type ending with +xml); for a JSON body, it must be application/json, text/json (or any type ending with +json).

Convert JSON to SOAP using a Liquid template

<set-body template="liquid">
    <soap:Envelope xmlns="http://tempuri.org/" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
        <soap:Body>
            <GetOpenOrders>
                <cust>{{body.getOpenOrders.cust}}</cust>
            </GetOpenOrders>
        </soap:Body>
    </soap:Envelope>
</set-body>

Transform JSON using a Liquid template

{
"order": {
    "id": "{{body.customer.purchase.identifier}}",
    "summary": "{{body.customer.purchase.orderShortDesc}}"
    }
}

Elements

Name Description Required
set-body Root element. Contains the body text or an expressions that returns a body. Yes

Properties

Name Description Required Default
template Used to change the templating mode that the set body policy will run in. Currently the only supported value is:

- liquid - the set body policy will use the liquid templating engine		 No

For accessing information about the request and response, the Liquid template can bind to a context object with the following properties: 

context.
    Request.
        Url
        Method
        OriginalMethod
        OriginalUrl
        IpAddress
        MatchedParameters
        HasBody
        ClientCertificates
        Headers

    Response.
        StatusCode
        Method
        Headers
Url.
    Scheme
    Host
    Port
    Path
    Query
    QueryString
    ToUri
    ToString

OriginalUrl.
    Scheme
    Host
    Port
    Path
    Query
    QueryString
    ToUri
    ToString

Usage

This policy can be used in the following policy sections and scopes.

  • Policy sections: inbound, outbound, backend

  • Policy scopes: global, product, API, operation

Set HTTP header

The set-header policy assigns a value to an existing response and/or request header or adds a new response and/or request header.

Inserts a list of HTTP headers into an HTTP message. When placed in an inbound pipeline, this policy sets the HTTP headers for the request being passed to the target service. When placed in an outbound pipeline, this policy sets the HTTP headers for the response being sent to the gateway’s client.

Policy statement

<set-header name="header name" exists-action="override | skip | append | delete">
    <value>value</value> <!--for multiple headers with the same name add additional value elements-->
</set-header>

Examples

Example

<set-header name="some header name" exists-action="override">
    <value>20</value>
</set-header>

Forward context information to the backend service

This example shows how to apply policy at the API level to supply context information to the backend service. For a demonstration of configuring and using this policy, see Cloud Cover Episode 177: More API Management Features with Vlad Vinogradsky and fast-forward to 10:30. At 12:10 there is a demo of calling an operation in the developer portal where you can see the policy at work.

<!-- Copy this snippet into the inbound element to forward some context information, user id and the region the gateway is hosted in, to the backend service for logging or evaluation -->
<set-header name="x-request-context-data" exists-action="override">
  <value>@(context.User.Id)</value>
  <value>@(context.Deployment.Region)</value>
</set-header>

For more information, see Policy expressions and Context variable.

Note

Multiple values of a header are concatenated to a CSV string, for example: headerName: value1,value2,value3

Exceptions include standardized headers, which values:

  • may contain commas (User-Agent, WWW-Authenticate, Proxy-Authenticate),
  • may contain date (Cookie, Set-Cookie, Warning),
  • contain date (Date, Expires, If-Modified-Since, If-Unmodified-Since, Last-Modified, Retry-After).

In case of those exceptions, multiple header values will not be concatenated into one string and will be passed as separate headers, for example: User-Agent: value1 User-Agent: value2 User-Agent: value3

Elements

Name Description Required
set-header Root element. Yes
value Specifies the value of the header to be set. For multiple headers with the same name add additional value elements. Yes

Properties

Name Description Required Default
exists-action Specifies what action to take when the header is already specified. This attribute must have one of the following values.

- override - replaces the value of the existing header.
- skip - does not replace the existing header value.
- append - appends the value to the existing header value.
- delete - removes the header from the request.

When set to override enlisting multiple entries with the same name results in the header being set according to all entries (which will be listed multiple times); only listed values will be set in the result.		 No override
name Specifies name of the header to be set. Yes N/A

Usage

This policy can be used in the following policy sections and scopes.

  • Policy sections: inbound, outbound, backend, on-error

  • Policy scopes: global, product, API, operation

Set query string parameter

The set-query-parameter policy adds, replaces value of, or deletes request query string parameter. Can be used to pass query parameters expected by the backend service which are optional or never present in the request.

Policy statement

<set-query-parameter name="param name" exists-action="override | skip | append | delete">
    <value>value</value> <!--for multiple parameters with the same name add additional value elements-->
</set-query-parameter>

Examples

Example


<set-query-parameter>
  <parameter name="api-key" exists-action="skip">
    <value>12345678901</value>
  </parameter>
  <!-- for multiple parameters with the same name add additional value elements -->
</set-query-parameter>

Forward context information to the backend service

This example shows how to apply policy at the API level to supply context information to the backend service. For a demonstration of configuring and using this policy, see Cloud Cover Episode 177: More API Management Features with Vlad Vinogradsky and fast-forward to 10:30. At 12:10 there is a demo of calling an operation in the developer portal where you can see the policy at work.

<!-- Copy this snippet into the inbound element to forward a piece of context, product name in this example, to the backend service for logging or evaluation -->
<set-query-parameter name="x-product-name" exists-action="override">
  <value>@(context.Product.Name)</value>
</set-query-parameter>

For more information, see Policy expressions and Context variable.

Elements

Name Description Required
set-query-parameter Root element. Yes
value Specifies the value of the query parameter to be set. For multiple query parameters with the same name add additional value elements. Yes

Properties

Name Description Required Default
exists-action Specifies what action to take when the query parameter is already specified. This attribute must have one of the following values.

- override - replaces the value of the existing parameter.
- skip - does not replace the existing query parameter value.
- append - appends the value to the existing query parameter value.
- delete - removes the query parameter from the request.

When set to override enlisting multiple entries with the same name results in the query parameter being set according to all entries (which will be listed multiple times); only listed values will be set in the result.		 No override
name Specifies name of the query parameter to be set. Yes N/A

Usage

This policy can be used in the following policy sections and scopes.

  • Policy sections: inbound, backend

  • Policy scopes: global, product, API, operation

Rewrite URL

The rewrite-uri policy converts a request URL from its public form to the form expected by the web service, as shown in the following example.

  • Public URL - http://api.example.com/storenumber/ordernumber

  • Request URL - http://api.example.com/v2/US/hardware/storenumber&ordernumber?City&State

    This policy can be used when a human and/or browser-friendly URL should be transformed into the URL format expected by the web service. This policy only needs to be applied when exposing an alternative URL format, such as clean URLs, RESTful URLs, user-friendly URLs or SEO-friendly URLs that are purely structural URLs that do not contain a query string and instead contain only the path of the resource (after the scheme and the authority). This is often done for aesthetic, usability, or search engine optimization (SEO) purposes.

Note

You can only add query string parameters using the policy. You cannot add extra template path parameters in the rewrite URL.

Policy statement

<rewrite-uri template="uri template" copy-unmatched-params="true | false" />

Example

<policies>
    <inbound>
        <base />
        <rewrite-uri template="/v2/US/hardware/{storenumber}&{ordernumber}?City=city&State=state" />
    </inbound>
    <outbound>
        <base />
    </outbound>
</policies>

<!-- Assuming incoming request is /get?a=b&c=d and operation template is set to /get?a={b} -->
<policies>
    <inbound>
        <base />
        <rewrite-uri template="/put" />
    </inbound>
    <outbound>
        <base />
    </outbound>
</policies>
<!-- Resulting URL will be /put?c=d -->

<!-- Assuming incoming request is /get?a=b&c=d and operation template is set to /get?a={b} -->
<policies>
    <inbound>
        <base />
        <rewrite-uri template="/put" copy-unmatched-params="false" />
    </inbound>
    <outbound>
        <base />
    </outbound>
</policies>
<!-- Resulting URL will be /put -->

Elements

Name Description Required
rewrite-uri Root element. Yes

Attributes

Attribute Description Required Default
template The actual web service URL with any query string parameters. When using expressions, the whole value must be an expression. Yes N/A
copy-unmatched-params Specifies whether query parameters in the incoming request not present in the original URL template are added to the URL defined by the re-write template No true

Usage

This policy can be used in the following policy sections and scopes.

  • Policy sections: inbound

  • Policy scopes: global, product, API, operation

Transform XML using an XSLT

The Transform XML using an XSLT policy applies an XSL transformation to XML in the request or response body.

Policy statement

<xsl-transform>
    <parameter name="User-Agent">@(context.Request.Headers.GetValueOrDefault("User-Agent","non-specified"))</parameter>
    <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
    	<xsl:output method="xml" indent="yes" />
    	<xsl:param name="User-Agent" />
    	<xsl:template match="* | @* | node()">
    		<xsl:copy>
    			<xsl:if test="self::* and not(parent::*)">
    				<xsl:attribute name="User-Agent">
    					<xsl:value-of select="$User-Agent" />
    				</xsl:attribute>
    			</xsl:if>
    			<xsl:apply-templates select="* | @* | node()" />
    		</xsl:copy>
    	</xsl:template>
    </xsl:stylesheet>
  </xsl-transform>

Example

<policies>
  <inbound>
      <base />
  </inbound>
  <outbound>
      <base />
      <xsl-transform>
      	<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
    		<xsl:output omit-xml-declaration="yes" method="xml" indent="yes" />
    		<!-- Copy all nodes directly-->
    		<xsl:template match="node()| @*|*">
    			<xsl:copy>
    				<xsl:apply-templates select="@* | node()|*" />
    			</xsl:copy>
    		</xsl:template>
      	</xsl:stylesheet>
    </xsl-transform>
  </outbound>
</policies>

Elements

Name Description Required
xsl-transform Root element. Yes
parameter Used to define variables used in the transform No
xsl:stylesheet Root stylesheet element. All elements and attributes defined within follow the standard XSLT specification Yes

Usage

This policy can be used in the following policy sections and scopes.

  • Policy sections: inbound, outbound

  • Policy scopes: global, product, API, operation

Next steps

For more information, see the following topics: