Convert.ToInt16 Method

Definition

Converts a specified value to a 16-bit signed integer.

Overloads

ToInt16(Single)

Converts the value of the specified single-precision floating-point number to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(String, IFormatProvider)

Converts the specified string representation of a number to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer, using the specified culture-specific formatting information.

ToInt16(Object, IFormatProvider)

Converts the value of the specified object to a 16-bit signed integer, using the specified culture-specific formatting information.

ToInt16(UInt64)

Converts the value of the specified 64-bit unsigned integer to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(UInt32)

Converts the value of the specified 32-bit unsigned integer to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(UInt16)

Converts the value of the specified 16-bit unsigned integer to the equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(String)

Converts the specified string representation of a number to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(String, Int32)

Converts the string representation of a number in a specified base to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(SByte)

Converts the value of the specified 8-bit signed integer to the equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(Int16)

Returns the specified 16-bit signed integer; no actual conversion is performed.

ToInt16(Int64)

Converts the value of the specified 64-bit signed integer to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(Int32)

Converts the value of the specified 32-bit signed integer to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(Double)

Converts the value of the specified double-precision floating-point number to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(Decimal)

Converts the value of the specified decimal number to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(DateTime)

Calling this method always throws InvalidCastException.

ToInt16(Char)

Converts the value of the specified Unicode character to the equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(Byte)

Converts the value of the specified 8-bit unsigned integer to the equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(Boolean)

Converts the specified Boolean value to the equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(Object)

Converts the value of the specified object to a 16-bit signed integer.

ToInt16(Single)

Converts the value of the specified single-precision floating-point number to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(float value);
public static short ToInt16 (float value);
static member ToInt16 : single -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As Single) As Short

Parameters

value
Single

The single-precision floating-point number to convert.

Returns

value, rounded to the nearest 16-bit signed integer. If value is halfway between two whole numbers, the even number is returned; that is, 4.5 is converted to 4, and 5.5 is converted to 6.

Exceptions

value is greater than Int16.MaxValue or less than Int16.MinValue.

Examples

The following example attempts to convert each element in an array of Single values to a 16-bit signed integer.

float[] values = { Single.MinValue, -1.38e10f, -1023.299f, -12.98f,
                   0f, 9.113e-16f, 103.919f, 17834.191f, Single.MaxValue };
short result;

foreach (float value in values)
{
   try {
      result = Convert.ToInt16(value);
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to the {2} value {3}.",
                        value.GetType().Name, value, result.GetType().Name, result);
   }
   catch (OverflowException) {
      Console.WriteLine("{0} is outside the range of the Int16 type.", value);
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    -3.4028235E+38 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//    -1.38E+10 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//    Converted the Single value -1023.299 to the Int16 value -1023.
//    Converted the Single value -12.98 to the Int16 value -13.
//    Converted the Single value 0 to the Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the Single value 9.113E-16 to the Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the Single value 103.919 to the Int16 value 104.
//    Converted the Single value 17834.191 to the Int16 value 17834.
//    3.4028235E+38 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
let values = 
    [| Single.MinValue; -1.38e10f; -1023.299f; -12.98f
       0f; 9.113e-16f; 103.919f; 17834.191f; Single.MaxValue |]

for value in values do
    try
        let result = Convert.ToInt16 value
        printfn $"Converted the {value.GetType().Name} value {value} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"{value} is outside the range of the Int16 type."
// The example displays the following output:
//    -3.4028235E+38 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//    -1.38E+10 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//    Converted the Single value -1023.299 to the Int16 value -1023.
//    Converted the Single value -12.98 to the Int16 value -13.
//    Converted the Single value 0 to the Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the Single value 9.113E-16 to the Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the Single value 103.919 to the Int16 value 104.
//    Converted the Single value 17834.191 to the Int16 value 17834.
//    3.4028235E+38 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
Dim values() As Single = { Single.MinValue, -1.38e10, -1023.299, -12.98, _
                           0, 9.113e-16, 103.919, 17834.191, Single.MaxValue }
Dim result As Short

For Each value As Single In values
   Try
      result = Convert.ToInt16(value)
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to the {2} value {3}.", _
                        value.GetType().Name, value, result.GetType().Name, result)
   Catch e As OverflowException
      Console.WriteLine("{0} is outside the range of the Int16 type.", value)
   End Try
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'    -3.402823E+38 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
'    -1.38E+10 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
'    Converted the Single value -1023.299 to the Int16 value -1023.
'    Converted the Single value -12.98 to the Int16 value -13.
'    Converted the Single value 0 to the Int16 value 0.
'    Converted the Single value 9.113E-16 to the Int16 value 0.
'    Converted the Single value 103.919 to the Int16 value 104.
'    Converted the Single value 17834.19 to the Int16 value 17834.
'    3.402823E+38 is outside the range of the Int16 type.

See also

Applies to

ToInt16(String, IFormatProvider)

Converts the specified string representation of a number to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer, using the specified culture-specific formatting information.

public:
 static short ToInt16(System::String ^ value, IFormatProvider ^ provider);
public static short ToInt16 (string value, IFormatProvider provider);
public static short ToInt16 (string? value, IFormatProvider? provider);
static member ToInt16 : string * IFormatProvider -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As String, provider As IFormatProvider) As Short

Parameters

value
String

A string that contains the number to convert.

provider
IFormatProvider

An object that supplies culture-specific formatting information.

Returns

A 16-bit signed integer that is equivalent to the number in value, or 0 (zero) if value is null.

Exceptions

value does not consist of an optional sign followed by a sequence of digits (0 through 9).

value represents a number that is less than Int16.MinValue or greater than Int16.MaxValue.

Examples

The following example converts string representations of 16-bit integers with the ToInt16 method, using an IFormatProvider object.

// Example of the Convert::ToInt16( String* ) and 
// Convert::ToInt16( String*, IFormatProvider* ) methods.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Globalization;
const __wchar_t * protoFmt = L"{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}";

// Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
String^ GetExceptionType( Exception^ ex )
{
   String^ exceptionType = ex->GetType()->ToString();
   return exceptionType->Substring( exceptionType->LastIndexOf( '.' ) + 1 );
}

void ConvertToInt16( String^ numericStr, IFormatProvider^ provider )
{
   Object^ defaultValue;
   Object^ providerValue;
   
   // Convert numericStr to Int16 without a format provider.
   try
   {
      defaultValue = Convert::ToInt16( numericStr );
   }
   catch ( Exception^ ex ) 
   {
      defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
   }

   
   // Convert numericStr to Int16 with a format provider.
   try
   {
      providerValue = Convert::ToInt16( numericStr, provider );
   }
   catch ( Exception^ ex ) 
   {
      providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
   }

   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), numericStr, defaultValue, providerValue );
}

int main()
{
   
   // Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
   // properties that apply to numbers.
   NumberFormatInfo^ provider = gcnew NumberFormatInfo;
   
   // These properties affect the conversion.
   provider->NegativeSign = "neg ";
   provider->PositiveSign = "pos ";
   
   // These properties do not affect the conversion.
   // The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
   provider->NumberDecimalSeparator = ".";
   provider->NumberGroupSeparator = ",";
   array<Int32>^sizes = {3};
   provider->NumberGroupSizes = sizes;
   provider->NumberNegativePattern = 0;
   Console::WriteLine( "This example of\n"
   "  Convert::ToInt16( String* ) and \n"
   "  Convert::ToInt16( String*, IFormatProvider* ) "
   "\ngenerates the following output. It converts "
   "several strings to \nshort values, using "
   "default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.\n" );
   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), "String to convert", "Default/exception", "Provider/exception" );
   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), "-----------------", "-----------------", "------------------" );
   
   // Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
   ConvertToInt16( "12345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "+12345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "pos 12345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "-12345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "neg 12345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "12345.", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "12,345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "(12345)", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "32768", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "-32769", provider );
}

/*
This example of
  Convert::ToInt16( String* ) and
  Convert::ToInt16( String*, IFormatProvider* )
generates the following output. It converts several strings to
short values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.

String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
-----------------   -----------------   ------------------
12345               12345               12345
+12345              12345               FormatException
pos 12345           FormatException     12345
-12345              -12345              FormatException
neg 12345           FormatException     -12345
12345.              FormatException     FormatException
12,345              FormatException     FormatException
(12345)             FormatException     FormatException
32768               OverflowException   OverflowException
-32769              OverflowException   FormatException
*/
// Example of the Convert.ToInt16( string ) and
// Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider ) methods.
using System;
using System.Globalization;

class ToInt16ProviderDemo
{
    static string format = "{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}";

     // Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
    static string GetExceptionType( Exception ex )
    {
        string exceptionType = ex.GetType( ).ToString( );
        return exceptionType.Substring(
            exceptionType.LastIndexOf( '.' ) + 1 );
    }

    static void ConvertToInt16( string numericStr,
        IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        object defaultValue;
        object providerValue;

        // Convert numericStr to Int16 without a format provider.
        try
        {
            defaultValue = Convert.ToInt16( numericStr );
        }
        catch( Exception ex )
        {
            defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
        }

        // Convert numericStr to Int16 with a format provider.
        try
        {
            providerValue = Convert.ToInt16( numericStr, provider );
        }
        catch( Exception ex )
        {
            providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
        }

        Console.WriteLine( format, numericStr,
            defaultValue, providerValue );
    }

    public static void Main( )
    {
        // Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
        // properties that apply to numbers.
        NumberFormatInfo provider = new NumberFormatInfo();

        // These properties affect the conversion.
        provider.NegativeSign = "neg ";
        provider.PositiveSign = "pos ";

        // These properties do not affect the conversion.
        // The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
        provider.NumberDecimalSeparator = ".";
        provider.NumberGroupSeparator = ",";
        provider.NumberGroupSizes = new int[ ] { 3 };
        provider.NumberNegativePattern = 0;

        Console.WriteLine("This example of\n" +
            "  Convert.ToInt16( string ) and \n" +
            "  Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider ) " +
            "\ngenerates the following output. It converts " +
            "several strings to \nshort values, using " +
            "default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.\n" );
        Console.WriteLine( format, "String to convert",
            "Default/exception", "Provider/exception" );
        Console.WriteLine( format, "-----------------",
            "-----------------", "------------------" );

        // Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
        ConvertToInt16( "12345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "+12345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "pos 12345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "-12345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "neg 12345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "12345.", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "12,345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "(12345)", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "32768", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "-32769", provider );
    }
}

/*
This example of
  Convert.ToInt16( string ) and
  Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider )
generates the following output. It converts several strings to
short values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.

String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
-----------------   -----------------   ------------------
12345               12345               12345
+12345              12345               FormatException
pos 12345           FormatException     12345
-12345              -12345              FormatException
neg 12345           FormatException     -12345
12345.              FormatException     FormatException
12,345              FormatException     FormatException
(12345)             FormatException     FormatException
32768               OverflowException   OverflowException
-32769              OverflowException   FormatException
*/
// Example of the Convert.ToInt16( string ) and
// Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider ) methods.
open System
open System.Globalization

let format obj1 obj2 obj3 = printfn $"{obj1,-20}{obj2,-20}{obj3}"

// Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
let getExceptionType (ex: exn) =
    let exceptionType = ex.GetType() |> string
    exceptionType.Substring(exceptionType.LastIndexOf '.' + 1)

let convertToInt16 (numericStr: string) (provider: IFormatProvider) =
    // Convert numericStr to Int16 without a format provider.
    let defaultValue = 
        try
            Convert.ToInt16 numericStr
            |> string
        with ex ->
            getExceptionType ex

    // Convert numericStr to Int16 with a format provider.
    let providerValue = 
        try
            Convert.ToInt16(numericStr, provider)
            |> string
        with ex ->
            getExceptionType ex

    format numericStr defaultValue providerValue

// Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
// properties that apply to numbers.
let provider = NumberFormatInfo()

// These properties affect the conversion.
provider.NegativeSign <- "neg "
provider.PositiveSign <- "pos "

// These properties do not affect the conversion.
// The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
provider.NumberDecimalSeparator <- "."
provider.NumberGroupSeparator <- ","
provider.NumberGroupSizes <- [| 3 |]
provider.NumberNegativePattern <- 0

printfn
    """This example of
  Convert.ToInt16( string ) and 
  Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider ) 
generates the following output. It converts several strings to 
short values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.
"""
format "String to convert" "Default/exception" "Provider/exception"
format "-----------------" "-----------------" "------------------"

// Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
convertToInt16 "12345" provider
convertToInt16 "+12345" provider
convertToInt16 "pos 12345" provider
convertToInt16 "-12345" provider
convertToInt16 "neg 12345" provider
convertToInt16 "12345." provider
convertToInt16 "12,345" provider
convertToInt16 "(12345)" provider
convertToInt16 "32768" provider
convertToInt16 "-32769" provider

// This example of
//   Convert.ToInt16( string ) and
//   Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider )
// generates the following output. It converts several strings to
// short values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.
//
// String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
// -----------------   -----------------   ------------------
// 12345               12345               12345
// +12345              12345               FormatException
// pos 12345           FormatException     12345
// -12345              -12345              FormatException
// neg 12345           FormatException     -12345
// 12345.              FormatException     FormatException
// 12,345              FormatException     FormatException
// (12345)             FormatException     FormatException
// 32768               OverflowException   OverflowException
// -32769              OverflowException   FormatException
' Example of the Convert.ToInt16( String ) and 
' Convert.ToInt16( String, IFormatProvider ) methods.
Imports System.Globalization

Module ToInt16ProviderDemo

    Dim format As String = "{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}"

    ' Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
    Function GetExceptionType( ex As Exception ) As String

        Dim exceptionType   As String = ex.GetType( ).ToString( )
        Return exceptionType.Substring( _
            exceptionType.LastIndexOf( "."c ) + 1 )
    End Function

    Sub ConvertToInt16( numericStr As String, _
        provider As IFormatProvider )

        Dim defaultValue    As Object
        Dim providerValue   As Object

        ' Convert numericStr to Int16 without a format provider.
        Try
            defaultValue = Convert.ToInt16( numericStr )
        Catch ex As Exception
            defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex )
        End Try

        ' Convert numericStr to Int16 with a format provider.
        Try
            providerValue = Convert.ToInt16( numericStr, provider )
        Catch ex As Exception
            providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex )
        End Try

        Console.WriteLine( format, numericStr, _
            defaultValue, providerValue )
    End Sub

    Sub Main( )

        ' Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
        ' properties that apply to numbers.
        Dim provider  As NumberFormatInfo = new NumberFormatInfo( )

        ' These properties affect the conversion.
        provider.NegativeSign = "neg "
        provider.PositiveSign = "pos "

        ' These properties do not affect the conversion.
        ' The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
        provider.NumberDecimalSeparator = "."
        provider.NumberGroupSeparator = ","
        provider.NumberGroupSizes = New Integer( ) { 3 }
        provider.NumberNegativePattern = 0

        Console.WriteLine( "This example of" & vbCrLf & _
            "  Convert.ToInt16( String ) and " & vbCrLf & _
            "  Convert.ToInt16( String, IFormatProvider ) " & _
            vbCrLf & "generates the following output. It " & _
            "converts several strings to " & vbCrLf & "Short " & _
            "values, using default formatting " & _
            "or a NumberFormatInfo object." & vbCrLf )
        Console.WriteLine( format, "String to convert", _
            "Default/exception", "Provider/exception" )
        Console.WriteLine( format, "-----------------", _
            "-----------------", "------------------" )

        ' Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
        ConvertToInt16( "12345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "+12345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "pos 12345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "-12345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "neg 12345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "12345.", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "12,345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "(12345)", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "32768", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "-32769", provider )
    End Sub 
End Module 

' This example of
'   Convert.ToInt16( String ) and
'   Convert.ToInt16( String, IFormatProvider )
' generates the following output. It converts several strings to
' Short values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.
' 
' String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
' -----------------   -----------------   ------------------
' 12345               12345               12345
' +12345              12345               FormatException
' pos 12345           FormatException     12345
' -12345              -12345              FormatException
' neg 12345           FormatException     -12345
' 12345.              FormatException     FormatException
' 12,345              FormatException     FormatException
' (12345)             FormatException     FormatException
' 32768               OverflowException   OverflowException
' -32769              OverflowException   FormatException

Remarks

provider is an IFormatProvider instance that obtains a NumberFormatInfo object. The NumberFormatInfo object provides culture-specific information about the format of value. If provider is null, the NumberFormatInfo for the current culture is used.

If you prefer not to handle an exception if the conversion fails, you can call the Int16.TryParse method instead. It returns a Boolean value that indicates whether the conversion succeeded or failed.

See also

Applies to

ToInt16(Object, IFormatProvider)

Converts the value of the specified object to a 16-bit signed integer, using the specified culture-specific formatting information.

public:
 static short ToInt16(System::Object ^ value, IFormatProvider ^ provider);
public static short ToInt16 (object value, IFormatProvider provider);
public static short ToInt16 (object? value, IFormatProvider? provider);
static member ToInt16 : obj * IFormatProvider -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As Object, provider As IFormatProvider) As Short

Parameters

value
Object

An object that implements the IConvertible interface.

provider
IFormatProvider

An object that supplies culture-specific formatting information.

Returns

A 16-bit signed integer that is equivalent to value, or zero if value is null.

Exceptions

value is not in an appropriate format for an Int16 type.

value does not implement IConvertible.

value represents a number that is less than Int16.MinValue or greater than Int16.MaxValue.

Examples

The following example defines a class that implements IConvertible and a class that implements IFormatProvider. Objects of the class that implements IConvertible hold an array of Double values. An object of each class is passed to the ToInt16 method. This method returns an average of the array of Double values, using the object that implements IFormatProvider to determine how to calculate the average.

using namespace System;
using namespace System::Collections;

// Define the types of averaging available in the class 
// implementing IConvertible.
public enum class AverageType : short
{
   None = 0,
   GeometricMean = 1,
   ArithmeticMean = 2,
   Median = 3
};


// Pass an instance of this class to methods that require an 
// IFormatProvider. The class instance determines the type of 
// average to calculate.
ref class AverageInfo: public IFormatProvider
{
protected:
   AverageType AvgType;

public:

   // Specify the type of averaging in the constructor.
   AverageInfo( AverageType avgType )
   {
      this->AvgType = avgType;
   }


   // This method returns a reference to the containing object 
   // if an object of AverageInfo type is requested. 
   virtual Object^ GetFormat( Type^ argType )
   {
      if ( argType == AverageInfo::typeid)
            return this;
      else
            return (Object^)0;
   }


   property AverageType TypeOfAverage 
   {

      // Use this property to set or get the type of averaging.
      AverageType get()
      {
         return this->AvgType;
      }

      void set( AverageType value )
      {
         this->AvgType = value;
      }

   }

};


// This class encapsulates an array of double values and implements 
// the IConvertible interface. Most of the IConvertible methods 
// return an average of the array elements in one of three types: 
// arithmetic mean, geometric mean, or median. 
ref class DataSet: public IConvertible
{
private:
   static Object^ null = nullptr;

protected:
   ArrayList^ data;
   AverageInfo^ defaultProvider;

   // This method unboxes a boxed double.
   double UnBoxDouble( Object^ obj )
   {
      return  *static_cast<double^>(obj);
   }


public:

   // Construct the object and add an initial list of values.
   // Create a default format provider.
   DataSet( ... array<Double>^values )
   {
      data = gcnew ArrayList( (Array^)values );
      defaultProvider = gcnew AverageInfo( AverageType::ArithmeticMean );
   }


   // Add additional values with this method.
   int Add( double value )
   {
      data->Add( value );
      return data->Count;
   }


   property double Item[ int ]
   {

      // Get, set, and add values with this indexer property.
      double get( int index )
      {
         if ( index >= 0 && index < data->Count )
                  return UnBoxDouble( data[ index ] );
         else
                  throw gcnew InvalidOperationException( "[DataSet.get] Index out of range." );
      }

      void set( int index, double value )
      {
         if ( index >= 0 && index < data->Count )
                  data[ index ] = value;
         else
         if ( index == data->Count )
                  data->Add( value );
         else
                  throw gcnew InvalidOperationException( "[DataSet.set] Index out of range." );
      }

   }

   property int Count 
   {

      // This property returns the number of elements in the object.
      int get()
      {
         return data->Count;
      }

   }

protected:

   // This method calculates the average of the object's elements.
   double Average( AverageType avgType )
   {
      double SumProd;
      if ( data->Count == 0 )
            return 0.0;

      switch ( avgType )
      {
         case AverageType::GeometricMean:
            SumProd = 1.0;
            for ( int Index = 0; Index < data->Count; Index++ )
               SumProd *= UnBoxDouble( data[ Index ] );
            
            // This calculation will not fail with negative 
            // elements.
            return Math::Sign( SumProd ) * Math::Pow( Math::Abs( SumProd ), 1.0 / data->Count );

         case AverageType::ArithmeticMean:
            SumProd = 0.0;
            for ( int Index = 0; Index < data->Count; Index++ )
               SumProd += UnBoxDouble( data[ Index ] );
            return SumProd / data->Count;

         case AverageType::Median:
            if ( data->Count % 2 == 0 )
                        return (UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count / 2 ] ) + UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count / 2 - 1 ] )) / 2.0;
            else
                        return UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count / 2 ] );

         default:
            return 0.0;
      }
   }


   // Get the AverageInfo object from the caller's format provider,
   // or use the local default.
   AverageInfo^ GetAverageInfo( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      AverageInfo^ avgInfo = nullptr;
      if ( provider != nullptr )
            avgInfo = static_cast<AverageInfo^>(provider->GetFormat( AverageInfo::typeid ));

      if ( avgInfo == nullptr )
            return defaultProvider;
      else
            return avgInfo;
   }


   // Calculate the average and limit the range.
   double CalcNLimitAverage( double min, double max, IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      
      // Get the format provider and calculate the average.
      AverageInfo^ avgInfo = GetAverageInfo( provider );
      double avg = Average( avgInfo->TypeOfAverage );
      
      // Limit the range, based on the minimum and maximum values 
      // for the type.
      return avg > max ? max : avg < min ? min : avg;
   }


public:

   // The following elements are required by IConvertible.
   // None of these conversion functions throw exceptions. When
   // the data is out of range for the type, the appropriate
   // MinValue or MaxValue is used.
   virtual TypeCode GetTypeCode()
   {
      return TypeCode::Object;
   }

   virtual bool ToBoolean( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      
      // ToBoolean is false if the dataset is empty.
      if ( data->Count <= 0 )
            return false;
      // For median averaging, ToBoolean is true if any 
      // non-discarded elements are nonzero.
      else
      
      // For median averaging, ToBoolean is true if any 
      // non-discarded elements are nonzero.
      if ( AverageType::Median == GetAverageInfo( provider )->TypeOfAverage )
      {
         if ( data->Count % 2 == 0 )
                  return (UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count / 2 ] ) != 0.0 || UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count / 2 - 1 ] ) != 0.0);
         else
                  return UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count / 2 ] ) != 0.0;
      }
      // For arithmetic or geometric mean averaging, ToBoolean is 
      // true if any element of the dataset is nonzero.  
      else
      {
         for ( int Index = 0; Index < data->Count; Index++ )
            if ( UnBoxDouble( data[ Index ] ) != 0.0 )
                        return true;
         return false;
      }
   }

   virtual Byte ToByte( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToByte( CalcNLimitAverage( Byte::MinValue, Byte::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual Char ToChar( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToChar( Convert::ToUInt16( CalcNLimitAverage( Char::MinValue, Char::MaxValue, provider ) ) );
   }


   // Convert to DateTime by adding the calculated average as 
   // seconds to the current date and time. A valid DateTime is 
   // always returned.
   virtual DateTime ToDateTime( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      double seconds = Average( GetAverageInfo( provider )->TypeOfAverage );
      try
      {
         return DateTime::Now.AddSeconds( seconds );
      }
      catch ( ArgumentOutOfRangeException^ ) 
      {
         return seconds < 0.0 ? DateTime::MinValue : DateTime::MaxValue;
      }

   }

   virtual Decimal ToDecimal( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      
      // The Double conversion rounds Decimal.MinValue and 
      // Decimal.MaxValue to invalid Decimal values, so the 
      // following limits must be used.
      return Convert::ToDecimal( CalcNLimitAverage(  -79228162514264330000000000000.0, 79228162514264330000000000000.0, provider ) );
   }

   virtual double ToDouble( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Average( GetAverageInfo( provider )->TypeOfAverage );
   }

   virtual short ToInt16( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToInt16( CalcNLimitAverage( Int16::MinValue, Int16::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual int ToInt32( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToInt32( CalcNLimitAverage( Int32::MinValue, Int32::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual __int64 ToInt64( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      
      // The Double conversion rounds Int64.MinValue and 
      // Int64.MaxValue to invalid Int64 values, so the following 
      // limits must be used.
      return Convert::ToInt64( CalcNLimitAverage(  -9223372036854775000, 9223372036854775000, provider ) );
   }

   virtual signed char ToSByte( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToSByte( CalcNLimitAverage( SByte::MinValue, SByte::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual float ToSingle( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToSingle( CalcNLimitAverage( Single::MinValue, Single::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual UInt16 ToUInt16( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToUInt16( CalcNLimitAverage( UInt16::MinValue, UInt16::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual UInt32 ToUInt32( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToUInt32( CalcNLimitAverage( UInt32::MinValue, UInt32::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual UInt64 ToUInt64( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      
      // The Double conversion rounds UInt64.MaxValue to an invalid
      // UInt64 value, so the following limit must be used.
      return Convert::ToUInt64( CalcNLimitAverage( 0, 18446744073709550000.0, provider ) );
   }

   virtual Object^ ToType( Type^ conversionType, IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ChangeType( Average( GetAverageInfo( provider )->TypeOfAverage ), conversionType );
   }

   virtual String^ ToString( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      AverageType avgType = GetAverageInfo( provider )->TypeOfAverage;
      return String::Format( "( {0}: {1:G10} )", avgType, Average( avgType ) );
   }

};


// Display a DataSet with three different format providers.
void DisplayDataSet( DataSet^ ds )
{
   IFormatProvider^ null = nullptr;
   String^ fmt = "{0,-12}{1,20}{2,20}{3,20}";
   AverageInfo^ median = gcnew AverageInfo( AverageType::Median );
   AverageInfo^ geMean = gcnew AverageInfo( AverageType::GeometricMean );
   
   // Display the dataset elements.
   if ( ds->Count > 0 )
   {
      Console::Write( "\nDataSet: [{0}", ds->Item[ 0 ] );
      for ( int iX = 1; iX < ds->Count; iX++ )
         Console::Write( ", {0}", ds->Item[ iX ] );
      Console::WriteLine( "]\n" );
   }

   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "Convert::", "Default", "Geometric Mean", "Median" );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "---------", "-------", "--------------", "------" );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToBoolean", Convert::ToBoolean( ds, null ), Convert::ToBoolean( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToBoolean( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToByte", Convert::ToByte( ds, null ), Convert::ToByte( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToByte( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToChar", Convert::ToChar( ds, null ), Convert::ToChar( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToChar( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( "{0,-12}{1,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}"
   "{2,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}{3,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}", "ToDateTime", Convert::ToDateTime( ds, null ), Convert::ToDateTime( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToDateTime( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToDecimal", Convert::ToDecimal( ds, null ), Convert::ToDecimal( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToDecimal( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToDouble", Convert::ToDouble( ds, null ), Convert::ToDouble( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToDouble( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt16", Convert::ToInt16( ds, null ), Convert::ToInt16( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToInt16( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt32", Convert::ToInt32( ds, null ), Convert::ToInt32( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToInt32( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt64", Convert::ToInt64( ds, null ), Convert::ToInt64( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToInt64( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToSByte", Convert::ToSByte( ds, null ), Convert::ToSByte( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToSByte( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToSingle", Convert::ToSingle( ds, null ), Convert::ToSingle( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToSingle( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt16", Convert::ToUInt16( ds, null ), Convert::ToUInt16( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToUInt16( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt32", Convert::ToUInt32( ds, null ), Convert::ToUInt32( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToUInt32( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt64", Convert::ToUInt64( ds, null ), Convert::ToUInt64( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToUInt64( ds, median ) );
}

int main()
{
   Console::WriteLine( "This example of the "
   "Convert::To<Type>( Object*, IFormatProvider* ) methods "
   "\ngenerates the following output. The example "
   "displays the values \nreturned by the methods, "
   "using several IFormatProvider objects.\n" );
   
   // To call a [ParamArray] method in C++, you cannot just
   // list the parameters, you need to build an array.
   array<Double>^dataElem = gcnew array<Double>(6);
   dataElem[ 0 ] = 10.5;
   dataElem[ 1 ] = 22.2;
   dataElem[ 2 ] = 45.9;
   dataElem[ 3 ] = 88.7;
   dataElem[ 4 ] = 156.05;
   dataElem[ 5 ] = 297.6;
   DataSet^ ds1 = gcnew DataSet( dataElem );
   DisplayDataSet( ds1 );
   dataElem = gcnew array<Double>(5);
   dataElem[ 0 ] = 359999.95;
   dataElem[ 1 ] = 425000;
   dataElem[ 2 ] = 499999.5;
   dataElem[ 3 ] = 775000;
   dataElem[ 4 ] = 1695000;
   DataSet^ ds2 = gcnew DataSet( dataElem );
   DisplayDataSet( ds2 );
}

/*
This example of the Convert::To<Type>( Object*, IFormatProvider* ) methods
generates the following output. The example displays the values
returned by the methods, using several IFormatProvider objects.

DataSet: [10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6]

Convert::                Default      Geometric Mean              Median
---------                -------      --------------              ------
ToBoolean                   True                True                True
ToByte                       103                  59                  67
ToChar                         g                   ;                   C
ToDateTime   2003-05-13 15:30:23 2003-05-13 15:29:39 2003-05-13 15:29:47
ToDecimal       103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
ToDouble        103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
ToInt16                      103                  59                  67
ToInt32                      103                  59                  67
ToInt64                      103                  59                  67
ToSByte                      103                  59                  67
ToSingle                103.4917            59.43321                67.3
ToUInt16                     103                  59                  67
ToUInt32                     103                  59                  67
ToUInt64                     103                  59                  67

DataSet: [359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000]

Convert::                Default      Geometric Mean              Median
---------                -------      --------------              ------
ToBoolean                   True                True                True
ToByte                       255                 255                 255
ToChar                         ?                   ?                   ?
ToDateTime   2003-05-22 08:05:19 2003-05-20 22:54:57 2003-05-19 10:21:59
ToDecimal              750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
ToDouble               750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
ToInt16                    32767               32767               32767
ToInt32                   751000              631577              500000
ToInt64                   751000              631577              500000
ToSByte                      127                 127                 127
ToSingle                750999.9            631577.3            499999.5
ToUInt16                   65535               65535               65535
ToUInt32                  751000              631577              500000
ToUInt64                  751000              631577              500000
*/
using System;
using System.Collections;

// Define the types of averaging available in the class
// implementing IConvertible.
public enum AverageType : short
{
    None = 0,
    GeometricMean = 1,
    ArithmeticMean = 2,
    Median = 3
};

// Pass an instance of this class to methods that require an
// IFormatProvider. The class instance determines the type of
// average to calculate.
public class AverageInfo : IFormatProvider
{
    protected AverageType AvgType;

    // Specify the type of averaging in the constructor.
    public AverageInfo( AverageType avgType )
    {
        this.AvgType = avgType;
    }

    // This method returns a reference to the containing object
    // if an object of AverageInfo type is requested.
    public object GetFormat( Type argType )
    {
        if ( argType == typeof( AverageInfo ) )
            return this;
        else
            return null;
    }

    // Use this property to set or get the type of averaging.
    public AverageType TypeOfAverage
    {
        get { return this.AvgType; }
        set { this.AvgType = value; }
    }
}

// This class encapsulates an array of double values and implements
// the IConvertible interface. Most of the IConvertible methods
// return an average of the array elements in one of three types:
// arithmetic mean, geometric mean, or median.
public class DataSet : IConvertible
{
    protected ArrayList     data;
    protected AverageInfo   defaultProvider;

    // Construct the object and add an initial list of values.
    // Create a default format provider.
    public DataSet( params double[ ] values )
    {
        data = new ArrayList( values );
        defaultProvider =
            new AverageInfo( AverageType.ArithmeticMean );
    }

    // Add additional values with this method.
    public int Add( double value )
    {
        data.Add( value );
        return data.Count;
    }

    // Get, set, and add values with this indexer property.
    public double this[ int index ]
    {
        get
        {
            if( index >= 0 && index < data.Count )
                return (double)data[ index ];
            else
                throw new InvalidOperationException(
                    "[DataSet.get] Index out of range." );
        }
        set
        {
            if( index >= 0 && index < data.Count )
                data[ index ] = value;

            else if( index == data.Count )
                data.Add( value );
            else
                throw new InvalidOperationException(
                    "[DataSet.set] Index out of range." );
        }
    }

    // This property returns the number of elements in the object.
    public int Count
    {
        get { return data.Count; }
    }

    // This method calculates the average of the object's elements.
    protected double Average( AverageType avgType )
    {
        double  SumProd;

        if( data.Count == 0 )
            return 0.0;

        switch( avgType )
        {
            case AverageType.GeometricMean:

                SumProd = 1.0;
                for( int Index = 0; Index < data.Count; Index++ )
                    SumProd *= (double)data[ Index ];

                // This calculation will not fail with negative
                // elements.
                return Math.Sign( SumProd ) * Math.Pow(
                    Math.Abs( SumProd ), 1.0 / data.Count );

            case AverageType.ArithmeticMean:

                SumProd = 0.0;
                for( int Index = 0; Index < data.Count; Index++ )
                    SumProd += (double)data[ Index ];

                return SumProd / data.Count;

            case AverageType.Median:

                if( data.Count % 2 == 0 )
                    return ( (double)data[ data.Count / 2 ] +
                        (double)data[ data.Count / 2 - 1 ] ) / 2.0;
                else
                    return (double)data[ data.Count / 2 ];

            default:
                return 0.0;
        }
    }

    // Get the AverageInfo object from the caller's format provider,
    // or use the local default.
    protected AverageInfo GetAverageInfo( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        AverageInfo avgInfo = null;

        if( provider != null )
            avgInfo = (AverageInfo)provider.GetFormat(
                typeof( AverageInfo ) );

        if ( avgInfo == null )
            return defaultProvider;
        else
            return avgInfo;
    }

    // Calculate the average and limit the range.
    protected double CalcNLimitAverage( double min, double max,
        IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        // Get the format provider and calculate the average.
        AverageInfo avgInfo = GetAverageInfo( provider );
        double avg = Average( avgInfo.TypeOfAverage );

        // Limit the range, based on the minimum and maximum values
        // for the type.
        return avg > max ? max : avg < min ? min : avg;
    }

    // The following elements are required by IConvertible.

    // None of these conversion functions throw exceptions. When
    // the data is out of range for the type, the appropriate
    // MinValue or MaxValue is used.
    public TypeCode GetTypeCode( )
    {
        return TypeCode.Object;
    }

    public bool ToBoolean( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        // ToBoolean is false if the dataset is empty.
        if( data.Count <= 0 )
        {
            return false;
        }

        // For median averaging, ToBoolean is true if any
        // non-discarded elements are nonzero.
        else if( AverageType.Median ==
            GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage )
        {
            if (data.Count % 2 == 0 )
                return ( (double)data[ data.Count / 2 ] != 0.0 ||
                    (double)data[ data.Count / 2 - 1 ] != 0.0 );
            else
                return (double)data[ data.Count / 2 ] != 0.0;
        }

        // For arithmetic or geometric mean averaging, ToBoolean is
        // true if any element of the dataset is nonzero.
        else
        {
            for( int Index = 0; Index < data.Count; Index++ )
                if( (double)data[ Index ] != 0.0 )
                    return true;
            return false;
        }
    }

    public byte ToByte( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToByte( CalcNLimitAverage(
            Byte.MinValue, Byte.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public char ToChar( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToChar( Convert.ToUInt16( CalcNLimitAverage(
            Char.MinValue, Char.MaxValue, provider ) ) );
    }

    // Convert to DateTime by adding the calculated average as
    // seconds to the current date and time. A valid DateTime is
    // always returned.
    public DateTime ToDateTime( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        double seconds =
            Average( GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage );
        try
        {
            return DateTime.Now.AddSeconds( seconds );
        }
        catch( ArgumentOutOfRangeException )
        {
            return seconds < 0.0 ? DateTime.MinValue : DateTime.MaxValue;
        }
    }

    public decimal ToDecimal( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        // The Double conversion rounds Decimal.MinValue and
        // Decimal.MaxValue to invalid Decimal values, so the
        // following limits must be used.
        return Convert.ToDecimal( CalcNLimitAverage(
            -79228162514264330000000000000.0,
            79228162514264330000000000000.0, provider ) );
    }

    public double ToDouble( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Average( GetAverageInfo(provider).TypeOfAverage );
    }

    public short ToInt16( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToInt16( CalcNLimitAverage(
            Int16.MinValue, Int16.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public int ToInt32( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToInt32( CalcNLimitAverage(
            Int32.MinValue, Int32.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public long ToInt64( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        // The Double conversion rounds Int64.MinValue and
        // Int64.MaxValue to invalid Int64 values, so the following
        // limits must be used.
        return Convert.ToInt64( CalcNLimitAverage(
            -9223372036854775000, 9223372036854775000, provider ) );
    }

    public SByte ToSByte( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToSByte( CalcNLimitAverage(
            SByte.MinValue, SByte.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public float ToSingle( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToSingle( CalcNLimitAverage(
            Single.MinValue, Single.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public UInt16 ToUInt16( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToUInt16( CalcNLimitAverage(
            UInt16.MinValue, UInt16.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public UInt32 ToUInt32( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToUInt32( CalcNLimitAverage(
            UInt32.MinValue, UInt32.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public UInt64 ToUInt64( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        // The Double conversion rounds UInt64.MaxValue to an invalid
        // UInt64 value, so the following limit must be used.
        return Convert.ToUInt64( CalcNLimitAverage(
            0, 18446744073709550000.0, provider ) );
    }

    public object ToType( Type conversionType,
        IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ChangeType( Average(
            GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage ),
            conversionType );
    }

    public string ToString( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        AverageType avgType = GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage;
        return String.Format( "( {0}: {1:G10} )", avgType,
            Average( avgType ) );
    }
}

class IConvertibleProviderDemo
{
    // Display a DataSet with three different format providers.
    public static void DisplayDataSet( DataSet ds )
    {
        string      fmt    = "{0,-12}{1,20}{2,20}{3,20}";
        AverageInfo median = new AverageInfo( AverageType.Median );
        AverageInfo geMean =
            new AverageInfo( AverageType.GeometricMean );

         // Display the dataset elements.
        if( ds.Count > 0 )
        {
            Console.Write( "\nDataSet: [{0}", ds[ 0 ] );
            for( int iX = 1; iX < ds.Count; iX++ )
                Console.Write( ", {0}", ds[ iX ] );
            Console.WriteLine( "]\n" );
        }

        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "Convert.", "Default",
            "Geometric Mean", "Median");
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "--------", "-------",
            "--------------", "------");
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToBoolean",
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToByte",
            Convert.ToByte( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToByte( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToByte( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToChar",
            Convert.ToChar( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToChar( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToChar( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( "{0,-12}{1,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}" +
            "{2,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}{3,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}",
            "ToDateTime", Convert.ToDateTime( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToDateTime( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToDateTime( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToDecimal",
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToDouble",
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt16",
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt32",
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt64",
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToSByte",
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToSingle",
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt16",
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt32",
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt64",
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, null ),
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, geMean ),
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, median ) );
    }

    public static void Main( )
    {
        Console.WriteLine( "This example of " +
            "the Convert.To<Type>( object, IFormatProvider ) methods " +
            "\ngenerates the following output. The example " +
            "displays the values \nreturned by the methods, " +
            "using several IFormatProvider objects.\n" );

        DataSet ds1 = new DataSet(
            10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6 );
        DisplayDataSet( ds1 );

        DataSet ds2 = new DataSet(
            359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000 );
        DisplayDataSet( ds2 );
    }
}

/*
This example of the Convert.To<Type>( object, IFormatProvider ) methods
generates the following output. The example displays the values
returned by the methods, using several IFormatProvider objects.

DataSet: [10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6]

Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean              Median
--------                 -------      --------------              ------
ToBoolean                   True                True                True
ToByte                       103                  59                  67
ToChar                         g                   ;                   C
ToDateTime   2003-05-13 15:04:12 2003-05-13 15:03:28 2003-05-13 15:03:35
ToDecimal       103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
ToDouble        103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
ToInt16                      103                  59                  67
ToInt32                      103                  59                  67
ToInt64                      103                  59                  67
ToSByte                      103                  59                  67
ToSingle                103.4917            59.43321                67.3
ToUInt16                     103                  59                  67
ToUInt32                     103                  59                  67
ToUInt64                     103                  59                  67

DataSet: [359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000]

Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean              Median
--------                 -------      --------------              ------
ToBoolean                   True                True                True
ToByte                       255                 255                 255
ToChar                         ?                   ?                   ?
ToDateTime   2003-05-22 07:39:08 2003-05-20 22:28:45 2003-05-19 09:55:48
ToDecimal              750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
ToDouble               750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
ToInt16                    32767               32767               32767
ToInt32                   751000              631577              500000
ToInt64                   751000              631577              500000
ToSByte                      127                 127                 127
ToSingle                750999.9            631577.3            499999.5
ToUInt16                   65535               65535               65535
ToUInt32                  751000              631577              500000
ToUInt64                  751000              631577              500000
*/
open System
open System.Collections

// Define the types of averaging available in the class
// implementing IConvertible.
type AverageType =
    | None = 0s
    | GeometricMean = 1s
    | ArithmeticMean = 2s
    | Median = 3s

// Pass an instance of this class to methods that require an
// IFormatProvider. The class instance determines the type of
// average to calculate.
[<AllowNullLiteral>]
type AverageInfo(avgType: AverageType) =
    // Use this property to set or get the type of averaging.
    member val TypeOfAverage = avgType with get, set 
    
    interface IFormatProvider with
        // This method returns a reference to the containing object
        // if an object of AverageInfo type is requested.
        member this.GetFormat(argType: Type) =
            if argType = typeof<AverageInfo> then
                this
            else
                null

// This class encapsulates an array of double values and implements
// the IConvertible interface. Most of the IConvertible methods
// an average of the array elements in one of three types:
// arithmetic mean, geometric mean, or median.
type DataSet([<ParamArray>] values: double[]) =
    let data = ResizeArray values
    let defaultProvider =
        AverageInfo AverageType.ArithmeticMean

    // Add additional values with this method.
    member _.Add(value: double) =
        data.Add value
        data.Count

    // Get, set, and add values with this indexer property.
    member _.Item
        with get (index) =
            if index >= 0 && index < data.Count then
                data[index]
            else
                raise (InvalidOperationException "[DataSet.get] Index out of range.")
        and set index value =
            if index >= 0 && index < data.Count then
                data[index] <- value
            elif index = data.Count then
                data.Add value
            else
                raise (InvalidOperationException "[DataSet.set] Index out of range.")

    // This property returns the number of elements in the object.
    member _.Count =
        data.Count

    // This method calculates the average of the object's elements.
    member _.Average(avgType: AverageType) =
        if data.Count = 0 then
            0.0
        else
            match avgType with
            | AverageType.GeometricMean ->
                let sumProd =
                    Seq.reduce ( * ) data
                
                // This calculation will not fail with negative
                // elements.
                (sign sumProd |> float) * Math.Pow(abs sumProd, 1.0 / (float data.Count))

            | AverageType.ArithmeticMean ->
                Seq.average data

            | AverageType.Median ->
                if data.Count % 2 = 0 then
                    (data[data.Count / 2] + data[data.Count / 2 - 1]) / 2.0
                else
                    data[ data.Count / 2]
            | _ ->
                0.0

    // Get the AverageInfo object from the caller's format provider,
    // or use the local default.
    member _.GetAverageInfo(provider: IFormatProvider) =
        let avgInfo =
            if provider <> null then
                provider.GetFormat typeof<AverageInfo> :?> AverageInfo
            else 
                null

        if avgInfo = null then
            defaultProvider
        else
            avgInfo

    // Calculate the average and limit the range.
    member this.CalcNLimitAverage(min: double, max: double, provider: IFormatProvider) =
        // Get the format provider and calculate the average.
        let avgInfo = this.GetAverageInfo provider
        let avg = this.Average avgInfo.TypeOfAverage

        // Limit the range, based on the minimum and maximum values
        // for the type.
        if avg > max then max elif avg < min then min else avg

    // The following elements are required by IConvertible.
    interface IConvertible with
        // None of these conversion functions throw exceptions. When
        // the data is out of range for the type, the appropriate
        // MinValue or MaxValue is used.
        member _.GetTypeCode() =
            TypeCode.Object

        member this.ToBoolean(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            // ToBoolean is false if the dataset is empty.
            if data.Count <= 0 then
                false

            // For median averaging, ToBoolean is true if any
            // non-discarded elements are nonzero.
            elif AverageType.Median = this.GetAverageInfo(provider).TypeOfAverage then
                if data.Count % 2 = 0 then
                    (data[data.Count / 2] <> 0.0 || data[data.Count / 2 - 1] <> 0.0)
                else
                    data[data.Count / 2] <> 0.0

            // For arithmetic or geometric mean averaging, ToBoolean is
            // true if any element of the dataset is nonzero.
            else
                Seq.exists (fun x -> x <> 0.0) data

        member this.ToByte(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            Convert.ToByte(this.CalcNLimitAverage(float Byte.MinValue, float Byte.MaxValue, provider) )

        member this.ToChar(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            Convert.ToChar(Convert.ToUInt16(this.CalcNLimitAverage(float Char.MinValue, float Char.MaxValue, provider) ) )

        // Convert to DateTime by adding the calculated average as
        // seconds to the current date and time. A valid DateTime is
        // always returned.
        member this.ToDateTime(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            let seconds = this.Average(this.GetAverageInfo(provider).TypeOfAverage)
            try
                DateTime.Now.AddSeconds seconds
            with :? ArgumentOutOfRangeException ->
                if seconds < 0.0 then DateTime.MinValue else DateTime.MaxValue

        member this.ToDecimal(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            // The Double conversion rounds Decimal.MinValue and
            // Decimal.MaxValue to invalid Decimal values, so the
            // following limits must be used.
            Convert.ToDecimal(this.CalcNLimitAverage(-79228162514264330000000000000.0, 79228162514264330000000000000.0, provider) )

        member this.ToDouble(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            this.Average(this.GetAverageInfo(provider).TypeOfAverage)

        member this.ToInt16(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            Convert.ToInt16(this.CalcNLimitAverage(float Int16.MinValue, float Int16.MaxValue, provider) )

        member this.ToInt32(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            Convert.ToInt32(this.CalcNLimitAverage(Int32.MinValue, Int32.MaxValue, provider) )

        member this.ToInt64(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            // The Double conversion rounds Int64.MinValue and
            // Int64.MaxValue to invalid Int64 values, so the following
            // limits must be used.
            Convert.ToInt64(this.CalcNLimitAverage(-9223372036854775000., 9223372036854775000., provider) )

        member this.ToSByte(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            Convert.ToSByte(this.CalcNLimitAverage(float SByte.MinValue, float SByte.MaxValue, provider) )

        member this.ToSingle(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            Convert.ToSingle(this.CalcNLimitAverage(float Single.MinValue, float Single.MaxValue, provider) )

        member this.ToUInt16(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            Convert.ToUInt16(this.CalcNLimitAverage(float UInt16.MinValue, float UInt16.MaxValue, provider) )

        member this.ToUInt32(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            Convert.ToUInt32(this.CalcNLimitAverage(float UInt32.MinValue, float UInt32.MaxValue, provider) )

        member this.ToUInt64(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            // The Double conversion rounds UInt64.MaxValue to an invalid
            // UInt64 value, so the following limit must be used.
            Convert.ToUInt64(this.CalcNLimitAverage(0, 18446744073709550000.0, provider) )

        member this.ToType(conversionType: Type, provider: IFormatProvider) =
            Convert.ChangeType(this.Average(this.GetAverageInfo(provider).TypeOfAverage), conversionType)

        member this.ToString(provider: IFormatProvider) =
            let avgType = this.GetAverageInfo(provider).TypeOfAverage
            $"( {avgType}: {this.Average avgType:G10} )"                

// Display a DataSet with three different format providers.
let displayDataSet (ds: DataSet) =
    let fmt obj1 obj2 obj3 obj4 = printfn $"{obj1,-12}{obj2,20}{obj3,20}{obj4,20}"
    let median = AverageInfo AverageType.Median
    let geMean =
        AverageInfo AverageType.GeometricMean

    // Display the dataset elements.
    if ds.Count > 0 then
        printf $"\nDataSet: [{ds[0]}"
        for i = 1 to ds.Count - 1 do
            printf $", {ds[i]}"
        printfn "]\n"

    fmt "Convert." "Default" "Geometric Mean" "Median"
    fmt "--------" "-------" "--------------" "------"
    fmt "ToBoolean"
        (Convert.ToBoolean(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToBoolean(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToBoolean(ds, median))
    fmt "ToByte"
        (Convert.ToByte(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToByte(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToByte(ds, median))
    fmt "ToChar"
        (Convert.ToChar(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToChar(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToChar(ds, median))
    printfn $"""{"ToDateTime",-12}{Convert.ToDateTime(ds, null).ToString "20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"}{Convert.ToDateTime(ds, geMean).ToString "20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"}{Convert.ToDateTime(ds, median).ToString "20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"}"""

    fmt "ToDecimal"
        (Convert.ToDecimal(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToDecimal(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToDecimal(ds, median))
    fmt "ToDouble"
        (Convert.ToDouble(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToDouble(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToDouble(ds, median))
    fmt "ToInt16"
        (Convert.ToInt16(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToInt16(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToInt16(ds, median))
    fmt "ToInt32"
        (Convert.ToInt32(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToInt32(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToInt32(ds, median))
    fmt "ToInt64"
        (Convert.ToInt64(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToInt64(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToInt64(ds, median))
    fmt "ToSByte"
        (Convert.ToSByte(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToSByte(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToSByte(ds, median))
    fmt "ToSingle"
        (Convert.ToSingle(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToSingle(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToSingle(ds, median))
    fmt "ToUInt16"
        (Convert.ToUInt16(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToUInt16(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToUInt16(ds, median))
    fmt "ToUInt32"
        (Convert.ToUInt32(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToUInt32(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToUInt32(ds, median))
    fmt "ToUInt64"
        (Convert.ToUInt64(ds, null))
        (Convert.ToUInt64(ds, geMean))
        (Convert.ToUInt64(ds, median))

printfn
    """This example of the Convert.To<Type>( object, IFormatprovider) methods 
generates the following output. The example displays the values 
returned by the methods, using several IFormatProvider objects.
"""

let ds1 = DataSet(10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6)
displayDataSet ds1

let ds2 = DataSet(359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000)
displayDataSet ds2

// This example of the Convert.To<Type>( object, IFormatprovider) methods
// generates the following output. The example displays the values
// returned by the methods, using several IFormatProvider objects.
//
// DataSet: [10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6]
//
// Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean              Median
// --------                 -------      --------------              ------
// ToBoolean                   True                True                True
// ToByte                       103                  59                  67
// ToChar                         g                   ;                   C
// ToDateTime   2003-05-13 15:04:12 2003-05-13 15:03:28 2003-05-13 15:03:35
// ToDecimal       103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
// ToDouble        103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
// ToInt16                      103                  59                  67
// ToInt32                      103                  59                  67
// ToInt64                      103                  59                  67
// ToSByte                      103                  59                  67
// ToSingle                103.4917            59.43321                67.3
// ToUInt16                     103                  59                  67
// ToUInt32                     103                  59                  67
// ToUInt64                     103                  59                  67
//
// DataSet: [359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000]
//
// Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean              Median
// --------                 -------      --------------              ------
// ToBoolean                   True                True                True
// ToByte                       255                 255                 255
// ToChar                         ?                   ?                   ?
// ToDateTime   2003-05-22 07:39:08 2003-05-20 22:28:45 2003-05-19 09:55:48
// ToDecimal              750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
// ToDouble               750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
// ToInt16                    32767               32767               32767
// ToInt32                   751000              631577              500000
// ToInt64                   751000              631577              500000
// ToSByte                      127                 127                 127
// ToSingle                750999.9            631577.3            499999.5
// ToUInt16                   65535               65535               65535
// ToUInt32                  751000              631577              500000
// ToUInt64                  751000              631577              500000
Imports System.Collections

Module IConvertibleProviderDemo

    ' Define the types of averaging available in the class 
    ' implementing IConvertible.
    Enum AverageType as Short
        None = 0
        GeometricMean = 1
        ArithmeticMean = 2
        Median = 3
    End Enum

    ' Pass an instance of this class to methods that require an 
    ' IFormatProvider. The class instance determines the type of 
    ' average to calculate.
    Public Class AverageInfo
        Implements IFormatProvider

        Protected  AvgType      As AverageType

        ' Specify the type of averaging in the constructor.
        Public Sub New( avgType As AverageType )
            Me.AvgType = avgType
        End Sub

        ' This method returns a reference to the containing object 
        ' if an object of AverageInfo type is requested. 
        Public Function GetFormat( argType As Type ) As Object _
            Implements IFormatProvider.GetFormat

            If argType Is GetType( AverageInfo ) Then
                Return Me
            Else
                Return Nothing
            End If
        End Function 

        ' Use this property to set or get the type of averaging.
        Public Property TypeOfAverage( ) As AverageType
            Get
                Return Me.AvgType
            End Get
            Set( ByVal value as AverageType )
                Me.AvgType = value
            End Set
        End Property
    End Class 

    ' This class encapsulates an array of Double values and implements 
    ' the IConvertible interface. Most of the IConvertible methods 
    ' return an average of the array elements in one of three types: 
    ' arithmetic mean, geometric mean, or median. 
    Public Class DataSet
        Implements IConvertible

        Protected data              As ArrayList
        Protected defaultProvider   As AverageInfo
           
        ' Construct the object and add an initial list of values.
        ' Create a default format provider.
        Public Sub New( ParamArray values( ) As Double )
            data = New ArrayList( values )
            defaultProvider = New AverageInfo( _
                AverageType.ArithmeticMean )  
        End Sub
           
        ' Add additional values with this method.
        Public Function Add( value As Double ) As Integer
            data.Add( value )
            Return data.Count
        End Function
           
        ' Get, set, and add values with this indexer property.
        Default Public Property Item(index As Integer) As Double
            Get
                If index >= 0 AndAlso index < data.Count Then
                    Return System.Convert.ToDouble( data( index ) )
                Else
                    Throw New InvalidOperationException( _
                        "[DataSet.get] Index out of range." )
                End If
            End Get
            Set
                If index >= 0 AndAlso index < data.Count Then
                    data( index ) = value
                 
                ElseIf index = data.Count Then
                    data.Add( value )
                Else
                    Throw New InvalidOperationException( _
                        "[DataSet.set] Index out of range." )
                End If
            End Set
        End Property
          
        ' This property returns the number of elements in the object.
        Public ReadOnly Property Count( ) As Integer
            Get
                Return data.Count
            End Get
        End Property

        ' This method calculates the average of the object's elements.
        Protected Function Average( ByVal avgType As AverageType ) As Double

            Dim SumProd As Double 
            Dim Index   As Integer

            If data.Count = 0 Then Return 0.0

            Select Case avgType
                
                Case AverageType.GeometricMean

                    SumProd = 1.0
                    For Index = 0 To data.Count - 1
                        SumProd *= data( Index )
                    Next Index
                    
                    ' This calculation will not fail with negative 
                    ' elements.
                    Return Math.Sign( SumProd ) * Math.Pow( _
                        Math.Abs( SumProd ), 1.0 / data.Count )

                Case AverageType.ArithmeticMean

                    SumProd = 0.0
                    For Index = 0 To data.Count - 1
                        SumProd += data( Index )
                    Next Index

                    Return SumProd / data.Count 

                Case AverageType.Median

                    If data.Count Mod 2 = 0 Then
                        Return ( data( data.Count \ 2 ) + _
                            data( data.Count \ 2 - 1 ) ) / 2.0
                    Else
                        Return data( data.Count \ 2 ) 
                    End If
            End Select
        End Function

        ' Get the AverageInfo object from the caller's format 
        ' provider, or use the local default.
        Protected Function GetAverageInfo( _
            provider As IFormatProvider ) As AverageInfo

            Dim avgInfo As AverageInfo = Nothing

            If Not provider Is Nothing Then
                avgInfo = provider.GetFormat( GetType( AverageInfo ) )
            End If

            Return IIf( avgInfo Is Nothing, defaultProvider, avgInfo )
            
        End Function           

        ' Calculate the average and limit the range.
        Protected Function CalcNLimitAverage( min As Double, _
            max As Double, provider as IFormatProvider ) As Double

            ' Get the format provider and calculate the average.
            Dim avgInfo As AverageInfo = GetAverageInfo( provider )
            Dim avg As Double = Average( avgInfo.TypeOfAverage )

            ' Limit the range, based on the minimum and maximum values 
            ' for the type.
            Return IIf( avg > max, max, IIf( avg < min, min, avg ) )

        End Function

        ' The following elements are required by IConvertible.

        ' None of these conversion functions throw exceptions. When
        ' the data is out of range for the type, the appropriate
        ' MinValue or MaxValue is used.
        Public Function GetTypeCode( ) As TypeCode _
            Implements IConvertible.GetTypeCode
            Return TypeCode.Object
        End Function

        Function ToBoolean( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As _
            Boolean Implements IConvertible.ToBoolean

            ' ToBoolean is false if the dataset is empty.
            If data.Count <= 0 Then
                Return False

            ' For median averaging, ToBoolean is true if any 
            ' non-discarded elements are nonzero.
            ElseIf AverageType.Median = _
                GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage Then

                If data.Count Mod 2 = 0 Then
                    Return ( data( data.Count \ 2 ) <> 0.0 Or _
                        data( data.Count \ 2 - 1 ) <> 0.0 )
                Else
                    Return data( data.Count \ 2 ) <> 0.0
                End If

            ' For arithmetic or geometric mean averaging, ToBoolean is 
            ' true if any element of the dataset is nonzero.  
            Else
                Dim Index As Integer
                For Index = 0 To data.Count - 1
                    If data( Index ) <> 0.0 Then Return True
                Next Index
                Return False
            End If
        End Function

        Function ToByte( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As Byte _
            Implements IConvertible.ToByte
            Return Convert.ToByte( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                Byte.MinValue, Byte.MaxValue, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToChar( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As Char _
            Implements IConvertible.ToChar
            Return Convert.ToChar( Convert.ToUInt16( _
                CalcNLimitAverage( 0.0, &HFFFF, provider ) ) )
        End Function

        ' Convert to DateTime by adding the calculated average as 
        ' seconds to the current date and time. A valid DateTime is 
        ' always returned.
        Function ToDateTime( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As _
            DateTime Implements IConvertible.ToDateTime
            Dim seconds As Double = Average( _
                GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage )
            Try
                Return DateTime.Now.AddSeconds( seconds )
            Catch ex As ArgumentOutOfRangeException 
                Return IIf( seconds < 0.0, DateTime.MinValue, _
                    DateTime.MaxValue )
            End Try
        End Function

        Function ToDecimal( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As _
            Decimal Implements IConvertible.ToDecimal

            ' The Double conversion rounds Decimal.MinValue and
            ' Decimal.MaxValue to invalid Decimal values, so the 
            ' following limits must be used.
            Return Convert.ToDecimal( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                -79228162514264330000000000000.0, _
                79228162514264330000000000000.0, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToDouble( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider) As _
            Double Implements IConvertible.ToDouble
            Return Average( GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage )
        End Function

        Function ToInt16( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As _
            Short Implements IConvertible.ToInt16
            Return Convert.ToInt16( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                Int16.MinValue, Int16.MaxValue, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToInt32( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As _
            Integer Implements IConvertible.ToInt32
            Return Convert.ToInt32( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                Int32.MinValue, Int32.MaxValue, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToInt64( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As Long _
            Implements IConvertible.ToInt64

            ' The Double conversion rounds Int64.MinValue and 
            ' Int64.MaxValue to invalid Long values, so the following 
            ' limits must be used.
            Return Convert.ToInt64( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                -9223372036854775000, 9223372036854775000, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToSByte( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As _
            SByte Implements IConvertible.ToSByte

            ' SByte.MinValue and SByte.MaxValue are not defined in
            ' Visual Basic.
            Return Convert.ToSByte( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                -128, 127, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToSingle( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As _
            Single Implements IConvertible.ToSingle
            Return Convert.ToSingle( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                Single.MinValue, Single.MaxValue, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToUInt16( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As _
            UInt16 Implements IConvertible.ToUInt16

            ' UInt16.MinValue and UInt16.MaxValue are not defined in 
            ' Visual Basic.
            Return Convert.ToUInt16( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                0, &HFFFF, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToUInt32( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As _
            UInt32 Implements IConvertible.ToUInt32

            ' UInt32.MinValue and UInt32.MaxValue are not defined in 
            ' Visual Basic.
            Return Convert.ToUInt32( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                0, 4294967295, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToUInt64( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider ) As _
            UInt64 Implements IConvertible.ToUInt64

            ' UInt64.MinValue and UInt64.MaxValue are not defined in 
            ' Visual Basic. The Double conversion would have rounded 
            ' UInt64.MaxValue, so the following limit must be used.
            Return Convert.ToUInt64( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                0, 18446744073709550000.0, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToType( ByVal conversionType As Type, _
            ByVal provider As IFormatProvider) As Object _
            Implements IConvertible.ToType
            Return Convert.ChangeType( Average( GetAverageInfo( _
                provider ).TypeOfAverage ), conversionType )
        End Function

        Overloads Function ToString( ByVal provider As IFormatProvider _
            ) As String Implements IConvertible.ToString
            Dim avgType as AverageType = _
                GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage
            Return String.Format( "( {0}: {1:G10} )", avgType, _
                Average( avgType ) )
        End Function
    End Class
   
    ' Display a DataSet with three different format providers.
    Sub DisplayDataSet( ds As DataSet )

        Dim fmt    As String      = "{0,-12}{1,20}{2,20}{3,20}"
        Dim median As AverageInfo = New AverageInfo( AverageType.Median )
        Dim geMean As AverageInfo = _
            New AverageInfo( AverageType.GeometricMean )
        Dim iX     As Integer

        ' Display the dataset elements.
        If ds.Count > 0 Then
            Console.Write( vbCrLf & "DataSet: [{0}", ds( 0 ) )
            For iX = 1 To ds.Count - 1
                Console.Write( ", {0}", ds( iX ) )
            Next iX
            Console.WriteLine( "]" & vbCrLf )
        End If

        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "Convert.", "Default", _
            "Geometric Mean", "Median" )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "--------", "-------", _
            "--------------", "------" )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToBoolean", _
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToByte", _
            Convert.ToByte( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToByte( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToByte( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToChar", _
            Convert.ToChar( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToChar( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToChar( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( "{0,-12}{1,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}" & _
            "{2,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}{3,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}", _
            "ToDateTime", Convert.ToDateTime( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToDateTime( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToDateTime( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToDecimal", _
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToDouble", _
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt16", _
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt32", _
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt64", _
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToSByte", _
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToSingle", _
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt16", _
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt32", _
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt64", _
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, median ) )
    End Sub
   
    Sub Main( )
        Console.WriteLine( _
            "This example of the Convert.To<Type>( Object, " & _
            "IFormatProvider ) methods " & vbCrLf & "generates " & _
            "the following output. The example displays the " & _
            "values " & vbCrLf & "returned by the methods, " & _
            "using several IFormatProvider objects." & vbCrLf )
          
        Dim ds1 As New DataSet( 10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6 )
        DisplayDataSet( ds1 )
          
        Dim ds2 As New DataSet( _
            359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000 )
        DisplayDataSet( ds2 )
    End Sub 
End Module 

' This example of the Convert.To<Type>( Object, IFormatProvider ) methods
' generates the following output. The example displays the values
' returned by the methods, using several IFormatProvider objects.
' 
' DataSet: [10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6]
' 
' Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean              Median
' --------                 -------      --------------              ------
' ToBoolean                   True                True                True
' ToByte                       103                  59                  67
' ToChar                         g                   ;                   C
' ToDateTime   2003-05-13 14:52:53 2003-05-13 14:52:09 2003-05-13 14:52:17
' ToDecimal       103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
' ToDouble        103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
' ToInt16                      103                  59                  67
' ToInt32                      103                  59                  67
' ToInt64                      103                  59                  67
' ToSByte                      103                  59                  67
' ToSingle                103.4917            59.43321                67.3
' ToUInt16                     103                  59                  67
' ToUInt32                     103                  59                  67
' ToUInt64                     103                  59                  67
' 
' DataSet: [359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000]
' 
' Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean              Median
' --------                 -------      --------------              ------
' ToBoolean                   True                True                True
' ToByte                       255                 255                 255
' ToChar                         ?                   ?                   ?
' ToDateTime   2003-05-22 07:27:49 2003-05-20 22:17:27 2003-05-19 09:44:29
' ToDecimal              750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
' ToDouble               750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
' ToInt16                    32767               32767               32767
' ToInt32                   751000              631577              500000
' ToInt64                   751000              631577              500000
' ToSByte                      127                 127                 127
' ToSingle                750999.9            631577.3            499999.5
' ToUInt16                   65535               65535               65535
' ToUInt32                  751000              631577              500000
' ToUInt64                  751000              631577              500000

Remarks

provider enables the user to specify culture-specific conversion information about the contents of value. For example, if value is a String that represents a number, provider could supply culture-specific information about the notation used to represent that number.

The base types ignore provider; however, the parameter may be used if value is a user-defined type that implements the IConvertible interface.

Applies to

ToInt16(UInt64)

Important

This API is not CLS-compliant.

Converts the value of the specified 64-bit unsigned integer to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(System::UInt64 value);
[System.CLSCompliant(false)]
public static short ToInt16 (ulong value);
[<System.CLSCompliant(false)>]
static member ToInt16 : uint64 -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As ULong) As Short

Parameters

value
UInt64

The 64-bit unsigned integer to convert.

Returns

A 16-bit signed integer that is equivalent to value.

Attributes

Exceptions

value is greater than Int16.MaxValue.

Examples

The following example attempts to convert each element in an array of unsigned long integers to a 16-bit signed integer.

ulong[] numbers = { UInt64.MinValue, 121, 340, UInt64.MaxValue };
short result;

foreach (ulong number in numbers)
{
   try {
      result = Convert.ToInt16(number);
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to a {2} value {3}.",
                        number.GetType().Name, number,
                        result.GetType().Name, result);
   }
   catch (OverflowException) {
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.",
                        number.GetType().Name, number);
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    Converted the UInt64 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the UInt64 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
//    Converted the UInt64 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
//    The UInt64 value 18446744073709551615 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
let numbers = 
    [| UInt64.MinValue; 121uL; 340uL; UInt64.MaxValue |]

for number in numbers do
    try
        let result = Convert.ToInt16 number
        printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to a {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Int16 type."
// The example displays the following output:
//    Converted the UInt64 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the UInt64 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
//    Converted the UInt64 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
//    The UInt64 value 18446744073709551615 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
Dim numbers() As ULong = { UInt64.MinValue, 121, 340, UInt64.MaxValue }
Dim result As Short
For Each number As ULong In numbers
   Try
      result = Convert.ToInt16(number)
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to a {2} value {3}.", _
                        number.GetType().Name, number, _
                        result.GetType().Name, result)
   Catch e As OverflowException
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.", _
                        number.GetType().Name, number)
   End Try
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'    Converted the UInt64 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
'    Converted the UInt64 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
'    Converted the UInt64 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
'    The UInt64 value 18446744073709551615 is outside the range of the Int16 type.

Applies to

ToInt16(UInt32)

Important

This API is not CLS-compliant.

Converts the value of the specified 32-bit unsigned integer to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(System::UInt32 value);
[System.CLSCompliant(false)]
public static short ToInt16 (uint value);
[<System.CLSCompliant(false)>]
static member ToInt16 : uint32 -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As UInteger) As Short

Parameters

value
UInt32

The 32-bit unsigned integer to convert.

Returns

A 16-bit signed integer that is equivalent to value.

Attributes

Exceptions

value is greater than Int16.MaxValue.

Examples

The following example attempts to convert each element in an array of unsigned integers to a 16-bit signed integer.

uint[] numbers = { UInt32.MinValue, 121, 340, UInt32.MaxValue };
short result;

foreach (uint number in numbers)
{
   try {
      result = Convert.ToInt16(number);
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to a {2} value {3}.",
                        number.GetType().Name, number,
                        result.GetType().Name, result);
   }
   catch (OverflowException) {
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.",
                        number.GetType().Name, number);
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    Converted the UInt32 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the UInt32 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
//    Converted the UInt32 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
//    The UInt32 value 4294967295 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
let numbers =
    [| UInt32.MinValue; 121u; 340u; UInt32.MaxValue |]

for number in numbers do
    try
        let result = Convert.ToInt16 number
        printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to a {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Int16 type."
// The example displays the following output:
//    Converted the UInt32 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the UInt32 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
//    Converted the UInt32 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
//    The UInt32 value 4294967295 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
Dim numbers() As UInteger = { UInt32.MinValue, 121, 340, UInt32.MaxValue }
Dim result As Short
For Each number As UInteger In numbers
   Try
      result = Convert.ToInt16(number)
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to a {2} value {3}.", _
                        number.GetType().Name, number, _
                        result.GetType().Name, result)
   Catch e As OverflowException
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.", _
                        number.GetType().Name, number)
   End Try
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'    Converted the UInt32 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
'    Converted the UInt32 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
'    Converted the UInt32 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
'    The UInt32 value 4294967295 is outside the range of the Int16 type.

Applies to

ToInt16(UInt16)

Important

This API is not CLS-compliant.

Converts the value of the specified 16-bit unsigned integer to the equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(System::UInt16 value);
[System.CLSCompliant(false)]
public static short ToInt16 (ushort value);
[<System.CLSCompliant(false)>]
static member ToInt16 : uint16 -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As UShort) As Short

Parameters

value
UInt16

The 16-bit unsigned integer to convert.

Returns

A 16-bit signed integer that is equivalent to value.

Attributes

Exceptions

value is greater than Int16.MaxValue.

Examples

The following example attempts to convert each element in an array of unsigned 16-bit integers to a 16-bit signed integer.

ushort[] numbers = { UInt16.MinValue, 121, 340, UInt16.MaxValue };
short result;
foreach (ushort number in numbers)
{
   try {
      result = Convert.ToInt16(number);
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to a {2} value {3}.",
                        number.GetType().Name, number,
                        result.GetType().Name, result);
   }
   catch (OverflowException) {
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.",
                        number.GetType().Name, number);
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       Converted the UInt16 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
//       Converted the UInt16 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
//       Converted the UInt16 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
//       The UInt16 value 65535 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
let numbers = 
    [| UInt16.MinValue; 121us; 340us; UInt16.MaxValue |]

for number in numbers do
    try
        let result = Convert.ToInt16 number
        printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to a {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Int16 type."
// The example displays the following output:
//       Converted the UInt16 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
//       Converted the UInt16 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
//       Converted the UInt16 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
//       The UInt16 value 65535 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
Dim numbers() As UShort = { UInt16.MinValue, 121, 340, UInt16.MaxValue }
Dim result As Short
For Each number As UShort In numbers
   Try
      result = Convert.ToInt16(number)
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to a {2} value {3}.", _
                        number.GetType().Name, number, _
                        result.GetType().Name, result)
   Catch e As OverflowException
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.", _
                        number.GetType().Name, number)
   End Try
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'       Converted the UInt16 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
'       Converted the UInt16 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
'       Converted the UInt16 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
'       The UInt16 value 65535 is outside the range of the Int16 type.

Applies to

ToInt16(String)

Converts the specified string representation of a number to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(System::String ^ value);
public static short ToInt16 (string value);
public static short ToInt16 (string? value);
static member ToInt16 : string -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As String) As Short

Parameters

value
String

A string that contains the number to convert.

Returns

A 16-bit signed integer that is equivalent to the number in value, or 0 (zero) if value is null.

Exceptions

value does not consist of an optional sign followed by a sequence of digits (0 through 9).

value represents a number that is less than Int16.MinValue or greater than Int16.MaxValue.

Examples

The following example converts string representations of 16-bit integers with the ToInt16 method, using default formatting.

// Example of the Convert::ToInt16( String* ) and 
// Convert::ToInt16( String*, IFormatProvider* ) methods.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Globalization;
const __wchar_t * protoFmt = L"{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}";

// Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
String^ GetExceptionType( Exception^ ex )
{
   String^ exceptionType = ex->GetType()->ToString();
   return exceptionType->Substring( exceptionType->LastIndexOf( '.' ) + 1 );
}

void ConvertToInt16( String^ numericStr, IFormatProvider^ provider )
{
   Object^ defaultValue;
   Object^ providerValue;
   
   // Convert numericStr to Int16 without a format provider.
   try
   {
      defaultValue = Convert::ToInt16( numericStr );
   }
   catch ( Exception^ ex ) 
   {
      defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
   }

   
   // Convert numericStr to Int16 with a format provider.
   try
   {
      providerValue = Convert::ToInt16( numericStr, provider );
   }
   catch ( Exception^ ex ) 
   {
      providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
   }

   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), numericStr, defaultValue, providerValue );
}

int main()
{
   
   // Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
   // properties that apply to numbers.
   NumberFormatInfo^ provider = gcnew NumberFormatInfo;
   
   // These properties affect the conversion.
   provider->NegativeSign = "neg ";
   provider->PositiveSign = "pos ";
   
   // These properties do not affect the conversion.
   // The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
   provider->NumberDecimalSeparator = ".";
   provider->NumberGroupSeparator = ",";
   array<Int32>^sizes = {3};
   provider->NumberGroupSizes = sizes;
   provider->NumberNegativePattern = 0;
   Console::WriteLine( "This example of\n"
   "  Convert::ToInt16( String* ) and \n"
   "  Convert::ToInt16( String*, IFormatProvider* ) "
   "\ngenerates the following output. It converts "
   "several strings to \nshort values, using "
   "default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.\n" );
   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), "String to convert", "Default/exception", "Provider/exception" );
   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), "-----------------", "-----------------", "------------------" );
   
   // Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
   ConvertToInt16( "12345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "+12345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "pos 12345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "-12345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "neg 12345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "12345.", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "12,345", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "(12345)", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "32768", provider );
   ConvertToInt16( "-32769", provider );
}

/*
This example of
  Convert::ToInt16( String* ) and
  Convert::ToInt16( String*, IFormatProvider* )
generates the following output. It converts several strings to
short values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.

String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
-----------------   -----------------   ------------------
12345               12345               12345
+12345              12345               FormatException
pos 12345           FormatException     12345
-12345              -12345              FormatException
neg 12345           FormatException     -12345
12345.              FormatException     FormatException
12,345              FormatException     FormatException
(12345)             FormatException     FormatException
32768               OverflowException   OverflowException
-32769              OverflowException   FormatException
*/
// Example of the Convert.ToInt16( string ) and
// Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider ) methods.
using System;
using System.Globalization;

class ToInt16ProviderDemo
{
    static string format = "{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}";

     // Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
    static string GetExceptionType( Exception ex )
    {
        string exceptionType = ex.GetType( ).ToString( );
        return exceptionType.Substring(
            exceptionType.LastIndexOf( '.' ) + 1 );
    }

    static void ConvertToInt16( string numericStr,
        IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        object defaultValue;
        object providerValue;

        // Convert numericStr to Int16 without a format provider.
        try
        {
            defaultValue = Convert.ToInt16( numericStr );
        }
        catch( Exception ex )
        {
            defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
        }

        // Convert numericStr to Int16 with a format provider.
        try
        {
            providerValue = Convert.ToInt16( numericStr, provider );
        }
        catch( Exception ex )
        {
            providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
        }

        Console.WriteLine( format, numericStr,
            defaultValue, providerValue );
    }

    public static void Main( )
    {
        // Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
        // properties that apply to numbers.
        NumberFormatInfo provider = new NumberFormatInfo();

        // These properties affect the conversion.
        provider.NegativeSign = "neg ";
        provider.PositiveSign = "pos ";

        // These properties do not affect the conversion.
        // The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
        provider.NumberDecimalSeparator = ".";
        provider.NumberGroupSeparator = ",";
        provider.NumberGroupSizes = new int[ ] { 3 };
        provider.NumberNegativePattern = 0;

        Console.WriteLine("This example of\n" +
            "  Convert.ToInt16( string ) and \n" +
            "  Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider ) " +
            "\ngenerates the following output. It converts " +
            "several strings to \nshort values, using " +
            "default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.\n" );
        Console.WriteLine( format, "String to convert",
            "Default/exception", "Provider/exception" );
        Console.WriteLine( format, "-----------------",
            "-----------------", "------------------" );

        // Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
        ConvertToInt16( "12345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "+12345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "pos 12345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "-12345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "neg 12345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "12345.", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "12,345", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "(12345)", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "32768", provider );
        ConvertToInt16( "-32769", provider );
    }
}

/*
This example of
  Convert.ToInt16( string ) and
  Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider )
generates the following output. It converts several strings to
short values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.

String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
-----------------   -----------------   ------------------
12345               12345               12345
+12345              12345               FormatException
pos 12345           FormatException     12345
-12345              -12345              FormatException
neg 12345           FormatException     -12345
12345.              FormatException     FormatException
12,345              FormatException     FormatException
(12345)             FormatException     FormatException
32768               OverflowException   OverflowException
-32769              OverflowException   FormatException
*/
// Example of the Convert.ToInt16( string ) and
// Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider ) methods.
open System
open System.Globalization

let format obj1 obj2 obj3 = printfn $"{obj1,-20}{obj2,-20}{obj3}"

// Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
let getExceptionType (ex: exn) =
    let exceptionType = ex.GetType() |> string
    exceptionType.Substring(exceptionType.LastIndexOf '.' + 1)

let convertToInt16 (numericStr: string) (provider: IFormatProvider) =
    // Convert numericStr to Int16 without a format provider.
    let defaultValue = 
        try
            Convert.ToInt16 numericStr
            |> string
        with ex ->
            getExceptionType ex

    // Convert numericStr to Int16 with a format provider.
    let providerValue = 
        try
            Convert.ToInt16(numericStr, provider)
            |> string
        with ex ->
            getExceptionType ex

    format numericStr defaultValue providerValue

// Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
// properties that apply to numbers.
let provider = NumberFormatInfo()

// These properties affect the conversion.
provider.NegativeSign <- "neg "
provider.PositiveSign <- "pos "

// These properties do not affect the conversion.
// The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
provider.NumberDecimalSeparator <- "."
provider.NumberGroupSeparator <- ","
provider.NumberGroupSizes <- [| 3 |]
provider.NumberNegativePattern <- 0

printfn
    """This example of
  Convert.ToInt16( string ) and 
  Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider ) 
generates the following output. It converts several strings to 
short values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.
"""
format "String to convert" "Default/exception" "Provider/exception"
format "-----------------" "-----------------" "------------------"

// Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
convertToInt16 "12345" provider
convertToInt16 "+12345" provider
convertToInt16 "pos 12345" provider
convertToInt16 "-12345" provider
convertToInt16 "neg 12345" provider
convertToInt16 "12345." provider
convertToInt16 "12,345" provider
convertToInt16 "(12345)" provider
convertToInt16 "32768" provider
convertToInt16 "-32769" provider

// This example of
//   Convert.ToInt16( string ) and
//   Convert.ToInt16( string, IFormatProvider )
// generates the following output. It converts several strings to
// short values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.
//
// String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
// -----------------   -----------------   ------------------
// 12345               12345               12345
// +12345              12345               FormatException
// pos 12345           FormatException     12345
// -12345              -12345              FormatException
// neg 12345           FormatException     -12345
// 12345.              FormatException     FormatException
// 12,345              FormatException     FormatException
// (12345)             FormatException     FormatException
// 32768               OverflowException   OverflowException
// -32769              OverflowException   FormatException
' Example of the Convert.ToInt16( String ) and 
' Convert.ToInt16( String, IFormatProvider ) methods.
Imports System.Globalization

Module ToInt16ProviderDemo

    Dim format As String = "{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}"

    ' Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
    Function GetExceptionType( ex As Exception ) As String

        Dim exceptionType   As String = ex.GetType( ).ToString( )
        Return exceptionType.Substring( _
            exceptionType.LastIndexOf( "."c ) + 1 )
    End Function

    Sub ConvertToInt16( numericStr As String, _
        provider As IFormatProvider )

        Dim defaultValue    As Object
        Dim providerValue   As Object

        ' Convert numericStr to Int16 without a format provider.
        Try
            defaultValue = Convert.ToInt16( numericStr )
        Catch ex As Exception
            defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex )
        End Try

        ' Convert numericStr to Int16 with a format provider.
        Try
            providerValue = Convert.ToInt16( numericStr, provider )
        Catch ex As Exception
            providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex )
        End Try

        Console.WriteLine( format, numericStr, _
            defaultValue, providerValue )
    End Sub

    Sub Main( )

        ' Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
        ' properties that apply to numbers.
        Dim provider  As NumberFormatInfo = new NumberFormatInfo( )

        ' These properties affect the conversion.
        provider.NegativeSign = "neg "
        provider.PositiveSign = "pos "

        ' These properties do not affect the conversion.
        ' The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
        provider.NumberDecimalSeparator = "."
        provider.NumberGroupSeparator = ","
        provider.NumberGroupSizes = New Integer( ) { 3 }
        provider.NumberNegativePattern = 0

        Console.WriteLine( "This example of" & vbCrLf & _
            "  Convert.ToInt16( String ) and " & vbCrLf & _
            "  Convert.ToInt16( String, IFormatProvider ) " & _
            vbCrLf & "generates the following output. It " & _
            "converts several strings to " & vbCrLf & "Short " & _
            "values, using default formatting " & _
            "or a NumberFormatInfo object." & vbCrLf )
        Console.WriteLine( format, "String to convert", _
            "Default/exception", "Provider/exception" )
        Console.WriteLine( format, "-----------------", _
            "-----------------", "------------------" )

        ' Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
        ConvertToInt16( "12345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "+12345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "pos 12345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "-12345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "neg 12345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "12345.", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "12,345", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "(12345)", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "32768", provider )
        ConvertToInt16( "-32769", provider )
    End Sub 
End Module 

' This example of
'   Convert.ToInt16( String ) and
'   Convert.ToInt16( String, IFormatProvider )
' generates the following output. It converts several strings to
' Short values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.
' 
' String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
' -----------------   -----------------   ------------------
' 12345               12345               12345
' +12345              12345               FormatException
' pos 12345           FormatException     12345
' -12345              -12345              FormatException
' neg 12345           FormatException     -12345
' 12345.              FormatException     FormatException
' 12,345              FormatException     FormatException
' (12345)             FormatException     FormatException
' 32768               OverflowException   OverflowException
' -32769              OverflowException   FormatException

Remarks

Using the ToInt16(String) method is equivalent to passing value to the Int16.Parse(String) method. value is interpreted by using the formatting conventions of the current culture.

If you prefer not to handle an exception if the conversion fails, you can call the Int16.TryParse method instead. It returns a Boolean value that indicates whether the conversion succeeded or failed.

See also

Applies to

ToInt16(String, Int32)

Converts the string representation of a number in a specified base to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(System::String ^ value, int fromBase);
public static short ToInt16 (string value, int fromBase);
public static short ToInt16 (string? value, int fromBase);
static member ToInt16 : string * int -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As String, fromBase As Integer) As Short

Parameters

value
String

A string that contains the number to convert.

fromBase
Int32

The base of the number in value, which must be 2, 8, 10, or 16.

Returns

A 16-bit signed integer that is equivalent to the number in value, or 0 (zero) if value is null.

Exceptions

fromBase is not 2, 8, 10, or 16.

-or-

value, which represents a non-base 10 signed number, is prefixed with a negative sign.

value contains a character that is not a valid digit in the base specified by fromBase. The exception message indicates that there are no digits to convert if the first character in value is invalid; otherwise, the message indicates that value contains invalid trailing characters.

value, which represents a non-base 10 signed number, is prefixed with a negative sign.

-or-

value represents a number that is less than Int16.MinValue or greater than Int16.MaxValue.

Examples

The following example attempts to interpret each element in a string array as a hexadecimal string and to convert it to a 16-bit signed integer.

using System;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      string[] hexStrings = { "8000", "0FFF", "f000", "00A30", "D", "-13",
                              "9AC61", "GAD" };
      foreach (string hexString in hexStrings)
      {
         try {
            short number = Convert.ToInt16(hexString, 16);
            Console.WriteLine("Converted '{0}' to {1:N0}.", hexString, number);
         }
         catch (FormatException) {
            Console.WriteLine("'{0}' is not in the correct format for a hexadecimal number.",
                              hexString);
         }
         catch (OverflowException) {
            Console.WriteLine("'{0}' is outside the range of an Int16.", hexString);
         }
         catch (ArgumentException) {
            Console.WriteLine("'{0}' is invalid in base 16.", hexString);
         }
      }
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       Converted '8000' to -32,768.
//       Converted '0FFF' to 4,095.
//       Converted 'f000' to -4,096.
//       Converted '00A30' to 2,608.
//       Converted 'D' to 13.
//       '-13' is invalid in base 16.
//       '9AC61' is outside the range of an Int16.
//       'GAD' is not in the correct format for a hexadecimal number.
open System

let hexStrings = 
    [| "8000"; "0FFF"; "f000"; "00A30"
       "D"; "-13"; "9AC61"; "GAD" |]

for hexString in hexStrings do
    try
        let number = Convert.ToInt16(hexString, 16)
        printfn $"Converted '{hexString}' to {number:N0}."
    with
    | :? FormatException ->
        printfn $"'{hexString}' is not in the correct format for a hexadecimal number."
    | :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"'{hexString}' is outside the range of an Int16."
    | :? ArgumentException ->
        printfn $"'{hexString}' is invalid in base 16."
// The example displays the following output:
//       Converted '8000' to -32,768.
//       Converted '0FFF' to 4,095.
//       Converted 'f000' to -4,096.
//       Converted '00A30' to 2,608.
//       Converted 'D' to 13.
//       '-13' is invalid in base 16.
//       '9AC61' is outside the range of an Int16.
//       'GAD' is not in the correct format for a hexadecimal number.
Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim hexStrings() As String = { "8000", "0FFF", "f000", "00A30", "D", _
                                     "-13", "9AC61", "GAD" }
      For Each hexString As String In hexStrings
         Try
            Dim number As Short = Convert.ToInt16(hexString, 16)
            Console.WriteLine("Converted '{0}' to {1:N0}.", hexString, number)
         Catch e As FormatException
            Console.WriteLine("'{0}' is not in the correct format for a hexadecimal number.", _
                              hexString)
         Catch e As OverflowException
            Console.WriteLine("'{0}' is outside the range of an Int16.", hexString)
         Catch e As ArgumentException
            Console.WriteLine("'{0}' is invalid in base 16.", hexString)
         End Try
      Next                                            
   End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       Converted '8000' to -32,768.
'       Converted '0FFF' to 4,095.
'       Converted 'f000' to -4,096.
'       Converted '00A30' to 2,608.
'       Converted 'D' to 13.
'       '-13' is invalid in base 16.
'       '9AC61' is outside the range of an Int16.
'       'GAD' is not in the correct format for a hexadecimal number.

Remarks

If fromBase is 16, you can prefix the number specified by the value parameter with "0x" or "0X".

Because the negative sign is not supported for non-base 10 numeric representations, the ToInt16(String, Int32) method assumes that negative numbers use two's complement representation. In other words, the method always interprets the highest-order binary bit of an integer (bit 15) as its sign bit. As a result, it is possible to write code in which a non-base 10 number that is out of the range of the Int16 data type is converted to an Int16 value without the method throwing an exception. The following example increments Int16.MaxValue by one, converts the resulting number to its hexadecimal string representation, and then calls the ToInt16(String, Int32) method. Instead of throwing an exception, the method displays the message, "0x8000 converts to -32768."

// Create a hexadecimal value out of range of the Int16 type.
string value = Convert.ToString((int) short.MaxValue + 1, 16);
// Convert it back to a number.
try
{
   short number = Convert.ToInt16(value, 16);
   Console.WriteLine("0x{0} converts to {1}.", value, number);
}
catch (OverflowException)
{
   Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert '0x{0}' to a 16-bit integer.", value);
}
// Create a hexadecimal value out of range of the Int16 type.
let value = Convert.ToString(int Int16.MaxValue + 1, 16)
// Convert it back to a number.
try
    let number = Convert.ToInt16(value, 16)
    printfn $"0x{value} converts to {number}."
with :? OverflowException ->
    printfn $"Unable to convert '0x{value}' to a 16-bit integer."
' Create a hexadecimal value out of range of the Int16 type.
Dim value As String = Convert.ToString(CInt(Short.MaxValue) + 1, 16)
' Convert it back to a number.
Try
   Dim number As Short = Convert.ToInt16(value, 16)
   Console.WriteLine("0x{0} converts to {1}.", value, number)
Catch e As OverflowException
   Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert '0x{0}' to a 16-bit integer.", value)
End Try

When performing binary operations or numeric conversions, it is always the responsibility of the developer to verify that a method is using the appropriate numeric representation to interpret a particular value. As the following example illustrates, you can ensure that the method handles overflows appropriately by first retrieving the sign of the numeric value before converting it to its hexadecimal string representation. Throw an exception if the original value was positive but the conversion back to an integer yields a negative value.

// Create a hexadecimal value out of range of the Short type.
int sourceNumber = (int) short.MaxValue + 1;
bool isNegative = (Math.Sign(sourceNumber) == -1);
string value = Convert.ToString(sourceNumber, 16);
short targetNumber;
try
{
   targetNumber = Convert.ToInt16(value, 16);
   if (! isNegative && ((targetNumber & 0x8000) != 0))
      throw new OverflowException();
   else
      Console.WriteLine("0x{0} converts to {1}.", value, targetNumber);
}
catch (OverflowException)
{
   Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert '0x{0}' to a 16-bit integer.", value);
}
// Displays the following to the console:
//    Unable to convert '0x8000' to a 16-bit integer.
// Create a hexadecimal value out of range of the Short type.
let sourceNumber = int Int16.MaxValue + 1
let isNegative = sign sourceNumber = -1
let value = Convert.ToString(sourceNumber, 16)
try
    let targetNumber = Convert.ToInt16(value, 16)
    if not isNegative && targetNumber &&& 0x8000s <> 0s then
        raise (OverflowException())
    else
        printfn $"0x{value} converts to {targetNumber}."
with :? OverflowException ->
    printfn $"Unable to convert '0x{value}' to a 16-bit integer."
// Displays the following to the console:
//    Unable to convert '0x8000' to a 16-bit integer.
' Create a hexadecimal value out of range of the Short type.
Dim sourceNumber As Integer = CInt(Short.MaxValue) + 1
Dim isNegative As Boolean = (Math.Sign(sourceNumber) = -1)
Dim value As String = Convert.ToString(sourceNumber, 16)
Dim targetNumber As Short
Try
   targetNumber = Convert.ToInt16(value, 16)
   If Not isNegative And ((targetNumber And &H8000) <> 0) Then
      Throw New OverflowException()
   Else 
      Console.WriteLine("0x{0} converts to {1}.", value, targetNumber)
   End If    
Catch e As OverflowException
   Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert '0x{0}' to a 16-bit integer.", value)
End Try 
' Displays the following to the console:
'    Unable to convert '0x8000' to a 16-bit integer.

Applies to

ToInt16(SByte)

Important

This API is not CLS-compliant.

Converts the value of the specified 8-bit signed integer to the equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(System::SByte value);
[System.CLSCompliant(false)]
public static short ToInt16 (sbyte value);
[<System.CLSCompliant(false)>]
static member ToInt16 : sbyte -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As SByte) As Short

Parameters

value
SByte

The 8-bit signed integer to convert.

Returns

A 8-bit signed integer that is equivalent to value.

Attributes

Examples

The following example converts each element in an array of signed bytes to a 16-bit signed integer.

sbyte[] numbers = { SByte.MinValue, -1, 0, 10, SByte.MaxValue };
short result;

foreach (sbyte number in numbers)
{
   result = Convert.ToInt16(number);
   Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to the {2} value {3}.",
                     number.GetType().Name, number,
                     result.GetType().Name, result);
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       Converted the SByte value -128 to the Int16 value -128.
//       Converted the SByte value -1 to the Int16 value -1.
//       Converted the SByte value 0 to the Int16 value 0.
//       Converted the SByte value 10 to the Int16 value 10.
//       Converted the SByte value 127 to the Int16 value 127.
let numbers = 
    [| SByte.MinValue; -1y; 0y; 10y; SByte.MaxValue |]

for number in numbers do
    let result = Convert.ToInt16 number
    printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
// The example displays the following output:
//       Converted the SByte value -128 to the Int16 value -128.
//       Converted the SByte value -1 to the Int16 value -1.
//       Converted the SByte value 0 to the Int16 value 0.
//       Converted the SByte value 10 to the Int16 value 10.
//       Converted the SByte value 127 to the Int16 value 127.
Dim numbers() As SByte = { SByte.MinValue, -1, 0, 10, SByte.MaxValue }
Dim result As Short

For Each number As SByte In numbers
   result = Convert.ToInt16(number)
   Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to the {2} value {3}.", _
                     number.GetType().Name, number, _
                     result.GetType().Name, result)
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'       Converted the SByte value -128 to the Int16 value -128.
'       Converted the SByte value -1 to the Int16 value -1.
'       Converted the SByte value 0 to the Int16 value 0.
'       Converted the SByte value 10 to the Int16 value 10.
'       Converted the SByte value 127 to the Int16 value 127.

Applies to

ToInt16(Int16)

Returns the specified 16-bit signed integer; no actual conversion is performed.

public:
 static short ToInt16(short value);
public static short ToInt16 (short value);
static member ToInt16 : int16 -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As Short) As Short

Parameters

value
Int16

The 16-bit signed integer to return.

Returns

value is returned unchanged.

Applies to

ToInt16(Int64)

Converts the value of the specified 64-bit signed integer to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(long value);
public static short ToInt16 (long value);
static member ToInt16 : int64 -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As Long) As Short

Parameters

value
Int64

The 64-bit signed integer to convert.

Returns

A 16-bit signed integer that is equivalent to value.

Exceptions

value is greater than Int16.MaxValue or less than Int16.MinValue.

Examples

The following example attempts to convert each element in an array of long integers to a 16-bit signed integer.

long[] numbers = { Int64.MinValue, -1, 0, 121, 340, Int64.MaxValue };
short result;

foreach (long number in numbers)
{
   try {
      result = Convert.ToInt16(number);
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to the {2} value {3}.",
                        number.GetType().Name, number,
                        result.GetType().Name, result);
   }
   catch (OverflowException) {
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.",
                        number.GetType().Name, number);
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    The Int64 value -9223372036854775808 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//    Converted the Int64 value -1 to the Int16 value -1.
//    Converted the Int64 value 0 to the Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the Int64 value 121 to the Int16 value 121.
//    Converted the Int64 value 340 to the Int16 value 340.
//    The Int64 value 9223372036854775807 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
let numbers =
    [| Int64.MinValue; -1; 0; 121; 340; Int64.MaxValue |]

for number in numbers do
    try
        let result = Convert.ToInt16 number
        printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Int16 type."
// The example displays the following output:
//    The Int64 value -9223372036854775808 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//    Converted the Int64 value -1 to the Int16 value -1.
//    Converted the Int64 value 0 to the Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the Int64 value 121 to the Int16 value 121.
//    Converted the Int64 value 340 to the Int16 value 340.
//    The Int64 value 9223372036854775807 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
Dim numbers() As Long = { Int64.MinValue, -1, 0, 121, 340, Int64.MaxValue }
Dim result As Short
For Each number As Long In numbers
   Try
      result = Convert.ToInt16(number)
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to the {2} value {3}.", _
                        number.GetType().Name, number, _
                        result.GetType().Name, result)
   Catch e As OverflowException
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.", _
                        number.GetType().Name, number)
   End Try
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'    The Int64 value -9223372036854775808 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
'    Converted the Int64 value -1 to the Int16 value -1.
'    Converted the Int64 value 0 to the Int16 value 0.
'    Converted the Int64 value 121 to the Int16 value 121.
'    Converted the Int64 value 340 to the Int16 value 340.
'    The Int64 value 9223372036854775807 is outside the range of the Int16 type.

Applies to

ToInt16(Int32)

Converts the value of the specified 32-bit signed integer to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(int value);
public static short ToInt16 (int value);
static member ToInt16 : int -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As Integer) As Short

Parameters

value
Int32

The 32-bit signed integer to convert.

Returns

The 16-bit signed integer equivalent of value.

Exceptions

value is greater than Int16.MaxValue or less than Int16.MinValue.

Examples

The following example attempts to convert each element in an array of integers to a 16-bit signed integer.

int[] numbers = { Int32.MinValue, -1, 0, 121, 340, Int32.MaxValue };
short result;

foreach (int number in numbers)
{
   try {
      result = Convert.ToInt16(number);
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to a {2} value {3}.",
                        number.GetType().Name, number,
                        result.GetType().Name, result);
   }
   catch (OverflowException) {
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.",
                        number.GetType().Name, number);
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    The Int32 value -2147483648 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//    Converted the Int32 value -1 to a Int16 value -1.
//    Converted the Int32 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the Int32 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
//    Converted the Int32 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
//    The Int32 value 2147483647 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
let numbers = 
    [| Int32.MinValue; -1; 0; 121; 340; Int32.MaxValue |]

for number in numbers do
    try
        let result = Convert.ToInt16 number
        printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to a {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Int16 type."
// The example displays the following output:
//    The Int32 value -2147483648 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//    Converted the Int32 value -1 to a Int16 value -1.
//    Converted the Int32 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
//    Converted the Int32 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
//    Converted the Int32 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
//    The Int32 value 2147483647 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
Dim numbers() As Integer = { Int32.MinValue, -1, 0, 121, 340, Int32.MaxValue }
Dim result As Short

For Each number As Integer In numbers
   Try
      result = Convert.ToInt16(number)
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to a {2} value {3}.", _
                        number.GetType().Name, number, _
                        result.GetType().Name, result)
   Catch e As OverflowException
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.", _
                        number.GetType().Name, number)
   End Try
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'    The Int32 value -2147483648 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
'    Converted the Int32 value -1 to a Int16 value -1.
'    Converted the Int32 value 0 to a Int16 value 0.
'    Converted the Int32 value 121 to a Int16 value 121.
'    Converted the Int32 value 340 to a Int16 value 340.
'    The Int32 value 2147483647 is outside the range of the Int16 type.

Applies to

ToInt16(Double)

Converts the value of the specified double-precision floating-point number to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(double value);
public static short ToInt16 (double value);
static member ToInt16 : double -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As Double) As Short

Parameters

value
Double

The double-precision floating-point number to convert.

Returns

value, rounded to the nearest 16-bit signed integer. If value is halfway between two whole numbers, the even number is returned; that is, 4.5 is converted to 4, and 5.5 is converted to 6.

Exceptions

value is greater than Int16.MaxValue or less than Int16.MinValue.

Examples

The following example converts each element in an array of Double values to a 16-bit signed integer. The example illustrates that any fractional part of a Double value is rounded before performing the conversion.

double[] values = { Double.MinValue, -1.38e10, -1023.299, -12.98,
                    0, 9.113e-16, 103.919, 17834.191, Double.MaxValue };
short result;

foreach (double value in values)
{
   try {
      result = Convert.ToInt16(value);
      Console.WriteLine("Converted {0} to {1}.", value, result);
   }
   catch (OverflowException)
   {
      Console.WriteLine("{0} is outside the range of the Int16 type.", value);
   }
}
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//       -13800000000 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//       Converted -1023.299 to -1023.
//       Converted -12.98 to -13.
//       Converted 0 to 0.
//       Converted 9.113E-16 to 0.
//       Converted 103.919 to 104.
//       Converted 17834.191 to 17834.
//       1.79769313486232E+308 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
let values =
    [| Double.MinValue; -1.38e10; -1023.299; -12.98
       0; 9.113e-16; 103.919; 17834.191; Double.MaxValue |]

for value in values do
    try
        let result = Convert.ToInt16 value
        printfn $"Converted {value} to {result}."
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"{value} is outside the range of the Int16 type."
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//       -13800000000 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//       Converted -1023.299 to -1023.
//       Converted -12.98 to -13.
//       Converted 0 to 0.
//       Converted 9.113E-16 to 0.
//       Converted 103.919 to 104.
//       Converted 17834.191 to 17834.
//       1.79769313486232E+308 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
Dim values() As Double = { Double.MinValue, -1.38e10, -1023.299, -12.98, _
                           0, 9.113e-16, 103.919, 17834.191, Double.MaxValue }
Dim result As Short

For Each value As Double In values
   Try
      result = Convert.ToInt16(value)
      Console.WriteLine("Converted {0} to {1}.", value, result)
   Catch e As OverflowException
      Console.WriteLine("{0} is outside the range of the Int16 type.", value)
   End Try
Next
'       -1.79769313486232E+308 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
'       -13800000000 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
'       Converted -1023.299 to -1023.
'       Converted -12.98 to -13.
'       Converted 0 to 0.
'       Converted 9.113E-16 to 0.
'       Converted 103.919 to 104.
'       Converted 17834.191 to 17834.
'       1.79769313486232E+308 is outside the range of the Int16 type.

See also

Applies to

ToInt16(Decimal)

Converts the value of the specified decimal number to an equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(System::Decimal value);
public static short ToInt16 (decimal value);
static member ToInt16 : decimal -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As Decimal) As Short

Parameters

value
Decimal

The decimal number to convert.

Returns

value, rounded to the nearest 16-bit signed integer. If value is halfway between two whole numbers, the even number is returned; that is, 4.5 is converted to 4, and 5.5 is converted to 6.

Exceptions

value is greater than Int16.MaxValue or less than Int16.MinValue.

Examples

The following example attempts to convert each element in an array of Decimal values to a 16-bit signed integer. The example illustrates that any fractional part of a Decimal value is rounded when performing the conversion.

decimal[] values = { Decimal.MinValue, -1034.23m, -12m, 0m, 147m,
                            9214.16m, Decimal.MaxValue };
short result;

foreach (decimal value in values)
{
   try {
      result = Convert.ToInt16(value);
      Console.WriteLine("Converted {0} to {1}.", value, result);
   }
   catch (OverflowException)
   {
      Console.WriteLine("{0} is outside the range of the Int16 type.",
                        value);
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    -79228162514264337593543950335 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//    Converted -1034.23 to -1034.
//    Converted -12 to -12.
//    Converted 0 to 0.
//    Converted 147 to 147.
//    Converted 9214.16 to 9214.
//    79228162514264337593543950335 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
let values = 
    [| Decimal.MinValue; -1034.23m; -12m; 0m
       147m; 9214.16m; Decimal.MaxValue |]

for value in values do
    try
        let result = Convert.ToInt16 value
        printfn $"Converted {value} to {result}."
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"{value} is outside the range of the Int16 type."
// The example displays the following output:
//    -79228162514264337593543950335 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
//    Converted -1034.23 to -1034.
//    Converted -12 to -12.
//    Converted 0 to 0.
//    Converted 147 to 147.
//    Converted 9214.16 to 9214.
//    79228162514264337593543950335 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
Dim values() As Decimal = { Decimal.MinValue, -1034.23d, -12d, 0d, 147d, _
                            9214.16d, Decimal.MaxValue }
Dim result As Short

For Each value As Decimal In values
   Try
      result = Convert.ToInt16(value)
      Console.WriteLine("Converted {0} to {1}.", value, result)
   Catch e As OverflowException
      Console.WriteLine("{0} is outside the range of the Int16 type.", _
                        value)
   End Try
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'    -79228162514264337593543950335 is outside the range of the Int16 type.
'    Converted -1034.23 to -1034.
'    Converted -12 to -12.
'    Converted 0 to 0.
'    Converted 147 to 147.
'    Converted 9214.16 to 9214.
'    79228162514264337593543950335 is outside the range of the Int16 type.

See also

Applies to

ToInt16(DateTime)

Calling this method always throws InvalidCastException.

public:
 static short ToInt16(DateTime value);
public static short ToInt16 (DateTime value);
static member ToInt16 : DateTime -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As DateTime) As Short

Parameters

value
DateTime

The date and time value to convert.

Returns

This conversion is not supported. No value is returned.

Exceptions

This conversion is not supported.

Applies to

ToInt16(Char)

Converts the value of the specified Unicode character to the equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(char value);
public static short ToInt16 (char value);
static member ToInt16 : char -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As Char) As Short

Parameters

value
Char

The Unicode character to convert.

Returns

A 16-bit signed integer that is equivalent to value.

Exceptions

value is greater than Int16.MaxValue.

Examples

The following example attempts to convert each element in an array of Char values to a 16-bit signed integer.

char[] chars = { 'a', 'z', '\x0007', '\x03FF',
                 '\x7FFF', '\xFFFE' };
short result;

foreach (char ch in chars)
{
   try {
      result = Convert.ToInt16(ch);
      Console.WriteLine("'{0}' converts to {1}.", ch, result);
   }
   catch (OverflowException) {
      Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert u+{0} to an Int16.",
                        ((int)ch).ToString("X4"));
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       'a' converts to 97.
//       'z' converts to 122.
//       '' converts to 7.
//       'Ͽ' converts to 1023.
//       '翿' converts to 32767.
//       Unable to convert u+FFFE to an Int16.
let chars = 
    [| 'a'; 'z'; '\u0007'; '\u03FF'; '\u7FFF'; '\uFFFE' |]

for ch in chars do
    try
        let result = Convert.ToInt16 ch
        printfn $"'{ch}' converts to {result}."
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert u+{int ch:X4} to an Int16."
// The example displays the following output:
//       'a' converts to 97.
//       'z' converts to 122.
//       '' converts to 7.
//       'Ͽ' converts to 1023.
//       '翿' converts to 32767.
//       Unable to convert u+FFFE to an Int16.
Dim chars() As Char = { "a"c, "z"c, ChrW(7), ChrW(1023), _
                        ChrW(Short.MaxValue), ChrW(&hFFFE) }
Dim result As Short

For Each ch As Char in chars
   Try
      result = Convert.ToInt16(ch)
      Console.WriteLine("'{0}' converts to {1}.", ch, result)
   Catch e As OverflowException
      Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert u+{0} to an Int16.", _
                        AscW(ch).ToString("X4"))
   End Try
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'       'a' converts to 97.
'       'z' converts to 122.
'       '' converts to 7.
'       'Ͽ' converts to 1023.
'       '翿' converts to 32767.
'       Unable to convert u+FFFE to an Int16.

Applies to

ToInt16(Byte)

Converts the value of the specified 8-bit unsigned integer to the equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(System::Byte value);
public static short ToInt16 (byte value);
static member ToInt16 : byte -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As Byte) As Short

Parameters

value
Byte

The 8-bit unsigned integer to convert.

Returns

A 16-bit signed integer that is equivalent to value.

Examples

The following example converts each element in an array of Byte values to a 16-bit signed integer.

byte[] bytes = { Byte.MinValue, 14, 122, Byte.MaxValue};
short result;

foreach (byte byteValue in bytes)
{
   result = Convert.ToInt16(byteValue);
   Console.WriteLine("The Byte value {0} converts to {1}.",
                     byteValue, result);
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       The Byte value 0 converts to 0.
//       The Byte value 14 converts to 14.
//       The Byte value 122 converts to 122.
//       The Byte value 255 converts to 255.
let bytes = [| Byte.MinValue; 14uy; 122uy; Byte.MaxValue |]

for byteValue in bytes do
    let result = Convert.ToInt16 byteValue
    printfn $"The Byte value {byteValue} converts to {result}."
// The example displays the following output:
//       The Byte value 0 converts to 0.
//       The Byte value 14 converts to 14.
//       The Byte value 122 converts to 122.
//       The Byte value 255 converts to 255.
Dim bytes() As Byte = { Byte.MinValue, 14, 122, Byte.MaxValue}
Dim result As Short

For Each byteValue As Byte In bytes
   result = Convert.ToInt16(byteValue)
   Console.WriteLine("The Byte value {0} converts to {1}.", _
                     byteValue, result)
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'       The Byte value 0 converts to 0.
'       The Byte value 14 converts to 14.
'       The Byte value 122 converts to 122.
'       The Byte value 255 converts to 255.

Applies to

ToInt16(Boolean)

Converts the specified Boolean value to the equivalent 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(bool value);
public static short ToInt16 (bool value);
static member ToInt16 : bool -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As Boolean) As Short

Parameters

value
Boolean

The Boolean value to convert.

Returns

The number 1 if value is true; otherwise, 0.

Examples

The following example converts the Boolean values true and false to Int16 values.

bool falseFlag = false;
bool trueFlag = true;

Console.WriteLine("{0} converts to {1}.", falseFlag,
                  Convert.ToInt16(falseFlag));
Console.WriteLine("{0} converts to {1}.", trueFlag,
                  Convert.ToInt16(trueFlag));
// The example displays the following output:
//       False converts to 0.
//       True converts to 1.
let falseFlag = false
let trueFlag = true

printfn $"{falseFlag} converts to {Convert.ToInt16 falseFlag}."
printfn $"{trueFlag} converts to {Convert.ToInt16 trueFlag}."
// The example displays the following output:
//       False converts to 0.
//       True converts to 1.
Dim falseFlag As Boolean = False
Dim trueFlag As Boolean = True

Console.WriteLine("{0} converts to {1}.", falseFlag, _
                  Convert.ToInt16(falseFlag))
Console.WriteLine("{0} converts to {1}.", trueFlag, _
                  Convert.ToInt16(trueFlag))
' The example displays the following output:
'       False converts to 0.
'       True converts to 1.

Applies to

ToInt16(Object)

Converts the value of the specified object to a 16-bit signed integer.

public:
 static short ToInt16(System::Object ^ value);
public static short ToInt16 (object value);
public static short ToInt16 (object? value);
static member ToInt16 : obj -> int16
Public Shared Function ToInt16 (value As Object) As Short

Parameters

value
Object

An object that implements the IConvertible interface, or null.

Returns

A 16-bit signed integer that is equivalent to value, or zero if value is null.

Exceptions

value is not in an appropriate format for an Int16 type.

value does not implement the IConvertible interface.

-or-

The conversion is not supported.

value represents a number that is less than Int16.MinValue or greater than Int16.MaxValue.

Examples

The following example attempts to convert each element in an object array to a 16-bit signed integer.

object[] values= { true, -12, 163, 935, 'x', new DateTime(2009, 5, 12),
                   "104", "103.0", "-1", "1.00e2", "One", 1.00e2};
short result;

foreach (object value in values)
{
   try {
      result = Convert.ToInt16(value);
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to the {2} value {3}.",
                        value.GetType().Name, value,
                        result.GetType().Name, result);
   }
   catch (OverflowException) {
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.",
                        value.GetType().Name, value);
   }
   catch (FormatException) {
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is not in a recognizable format.",
                        value.GetType().Name, value);
   }
   catch (InvalidCastException) {
      Console.WriteLine("No conversion to an Int16 exists for the {0} value {1}.",
                        value.GetType().Name, value);
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    Converted the Boolean value True to the Int16 value 1.
//    Converted the Int32 value -12 to the Int16 value -12.
//    Converted the Int32 value 163 to the Int16 value 163.
//    Converted the Int32 value 935 to the Int16 value 935.
//    Converted the Char value x to the Int16 value 120.
//    No conversion to an Int16 exists for the DateTime value 5/12/2009 12:00:00 AM.
//    Converted the String value 104 to the Int16 value 104.
//    The String value 103.0 is not in a recognizable format.
//    Converted the String value -1 to the Int16 value -1.
//    The String value 1.00e2 is not in a recognizable format.
//    The String value One is not in a recognizable format.
//    Converted the Double value 100 to the Int16 value 100.
let values: obj[] =
    [| true; -12; 163; 935; 'x'; DateTime(2009, 5, 12)
       "104"; "103.0"; "-1"; "1.00e2"; "One"; 1.00e2 |]

for value in values do
    try
        let result = Convert.ToInt16 value
        printfn $"Converted the {value.GetType().Name} value {value} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
    with 
    | :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"The {value.GetType().Name} value {value} is outside the range of the Int16 type."
    | :? FormatException ->
        printfn $"The {value.GetType().Name} value {value} is not in a recognizable format."
    | :? InvalidCastException ->
        printfn $"No conversion to an Int16 exists for the {value.GetType().Name} value {value}."
// The example displays the following output:
//    Converted the Boolean value True to the Int16 value 1.
//    Converted the Int32 value -12 to the Int16 value -12.
//    Converted the Int32 value 163 to the Int16 value 163.
//    Converted the Int32 value 935 to the Int16 value 935.
//    Converted the Char value x to the Int16 value 120.
//    No conversion to an Int16 exists for the DateTime value 5/12/2009 12:00:00 AM.
//    Converted the String value 104 to the Int16 value 104.
//    The String value 103.0 is not in a recognizable format.
//    Converted the String value -1 to the Int16 value -1.
//    The String value 1.00e2 is not in a recognizable format.
//    The String value One is not in a recognizable format.
//    Converted the Double value 100 to the Int16 value 100.
Dim values() As Object = { True, -12, 163, 935, "x"c, #5/12/2009#, _
                           "104", "103.0", "-1", _
                           "1.00e2", "One", 1.00e2}
Dim result As Short

For Each value As Object In values
   Try
      result = Convert.ToInt16(value)
      Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to the {2} value {3}.", _
                        value.GetType().Name, value, _
                        result.GetType().Name, result)
   Catch e As OverflowException
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Int16 type.", _
                        value.GetType().Name, value)
   Catch e As FormatException
      Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is not in a recognizable format.", _
                        value.GetType().Name, value)
   Catch e As InvalidCastException
      Console.WriteLine("No conversion to an Int16 exists for the {0} value {1}.", _
                        value.GetType().Name, value)

   End Try
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'    Converted the Boolean value True to the Int16 value 1.
'    Converted the Int32 value -12 to the Int16 value -12.
'    Converted the Int32 value 163 to the Int16 value 163.
'    Converted the Int32 value 935 to the Int16 value 935.
'    Converted the Char value x to the Int16 value 120.
'    No conversion to an Int16 exists for the DateTime value 5/12/2009 12:00:00 AM.
'    Converted the String value 104 to the Int16 value 104.
'    The String value 103.0 is not in a recognizable format.
'    Converted the String value -1 to the Int16 value -1.
'    The String value 1.00e2 is not in a recognizable format.
'    The String value One is not in a recognizable format.
'    Converted the Double value 100 to the Int16 value 100.

Remarks

If value is not null, this method wraps a call to the IConvertible.ToInt16 implementation of the underlying type of value.

Applies to