# Learn conditional logic with branch and loop statements

This tutorial teaches you how to write code that examines variables and changes the execution path based on those variables. You write C# code and see the results of compiling and running it. The tutorial contains a series of lessons that explore branching and looping constructs in C#. These lessons teach you the fundamentals of the C# language.

This tutorial expects you to have a machine you can use for development. The .NET tutorial Hello World in 10 minutes has instructions for setting up your local development environment on Windows, Linux, or macOS. A quick overview of the commands you'll use is in the Become familiar with the development tools with links to more details.

## Make decisions using the if statement

Create a directory named branches-tutorial. Make that the current directory and run the following command:

dotnet new console -n BranchesAndLoops -o .


This command creates a new .NET Core console application in the current directory.

Open Program.cs in your favorite editor, and replace the line Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); with the following code:

int a = 5;
int b = 6;
if (a + b > 10)
Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10.");


Try this code by typing dotnet run in your console window. You should see the message "The answer is greater than 10." printed to your console.

Modify the declaration of b so that the sum is less than 10:

int b = 3;


Type dotnet run again. Because the answer is less than 10, nothing is printed. The condition you're testing is false. You don't have any code to execute because you've only written one of the possible branches for an if statement: the true branch.

Tip

As you explore C# (or any programming language), you'll make mistakes when you write code. The compiler will find and report the errors. Look closely at the error output and the code that generated the error. The compiler error can usually help you find the problem.

This first sample shows the power of if and Boolean types. A Boolean is a variable that can have one of two values: true or false. C# defines a special type, bool for Boolean variables. The if statement checks the value of a bool. When the value is true, the statement following the if executes. Otherwise, it is skipped.

This process of checking conditions and executing statements based on those conditions is very powerful.

## Make if and else work together

To execute different code in both the true and false branches, you create an else branch that executes when the condition is false. Try this. Add the last two lines in the code below to your Main method (you should already have the first four):

int a = 5;
int b = 3;
if (a + b > 10)
Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
else
Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");


The statement following the else keyword executes only when the condition being tested is false. Combining if and else with Boolean conditions provides all the power you need to handle both a true and a false condition.

Important

The indentation under the if and else statements is for human readers. The C# language doesn't treat indentation or white space as significant. The statement following the if or else keyword will be executed based on the condition. All the samples in this tutorial follow a common practice to indent lines based on the control flow of statements.

Because indentation is not significant, you need to use { and } to indicate when you want more than one statement to be part of the block that executes conditionally. C# programmers typically use those braces on all if and else clauses. The following example is the same as the one you just created. Modify your code above to match the following code:

int a = 5;
int b = 3;
if (a + b > 10)
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
}


Tip

Through the rest of this tutorial, the code samples all include the braces, following accepted practices.

You can test more complicated conditions. Add the following code in your Main method after the code you've written so far:

int c = 4;
if ((a + b + c > 10) && (a == b))
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
Console.WriteLine("And the first number is equal to the second");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
Console.WriteLine("Or the first number is not equal to the second");
}


The == symbol tests for equality. Using == distinguishes the test for equality from assignment, which you saw in a = 5.

The && represents "and". It means both conditions must be true to execute the statement in the true branch. These examples also show that you can have multiple statements in each conditional branch, provided you enclose them in { and }.

You can also use || to represent "or". Add the following code after what you've written so far:

if ((a + b + c > 10) || (a == b))
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
Console.WriteLine("Or the first number is equal to the second");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
Console.WriteLine("And the first number is not equal to the second");
}


Modify the values of a, b, and c and switch between && and || to explore. You'll gain more understanding of how the && and || operators work.

You've finished the first step. Before you start the next section, let's move the current code into a separate method. That makes it easier to start working with a new example. Rename your Main method to ExploreIf and write a new Main method that calls ExploreIf. When you have finished, your code should look like this:

using System;

namespace BranchesAndLoops
{
class Program
{
static void ExploreIf()
{
int a = 5;
int b = 3;
if (a + b > 10)
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
}

int c = 4;
if ((a + b + c > 10) && (a > b))
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
Console.WriteLine("And the first number is greater than the second");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
Console.WriteLine("Or the first number is not greater than the second");
}

if ((a + b + c > 10) || (a > b))
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
Console.WriteLine("Or the first number is greater than the second");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
Console.WriteLine("And the first number is not greater than the second");
}
}

static void Main(string[] args)
{
ExploreIf();
}
}
}


Comment out the call to ExploreIf(). It will make the output less cluttered as you work in this section:

//ExploreIf();


The // starts a comment in C#. Comments are any text you want to keep in your source code but not execute as code. The compiler does not generate any executable code from comments.

## Use loops to repeat operations

In this section you use loops to repeat statements. Try this code in your Main method:

int counter = 0;
while (counter < 10)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Hello World! The counter is {counter}"); counter++; }  The while statement checks a condition and executes the statement or statement block following the while. It repeatedly checks the condition and executing those statements until the condition is false. There's one other new operator in this example. The ++ after the counter variable is the increment operator. It adds 1 to the value of counter and stores that value in the counter variable. Important Make sure that the while loop condition changes to false as you execute the code. Otherwise, you create an infinite loop where your program never ends. That is not demonstrated in this sample, because you have to force your program to quit using CTRL-C or other means. The while loop tests the condition before executing the code following the while. The do ... while loop executes the code first, and then checks the condition. The do while loop is shown in the following code: int counter = 0; do { Console.WriteLine($"Hello World! The counter is {counter}");
counter++;
} while (counter < 10);


This do loop and the earlier while loop produce the same output.

## Work with the for loop

The for loop is commonly used in C#. Try this code in your Main() method:

for (int index = 0; index < 10; index++)
{
Console.WriteLine(\$"Hello World! The index is {index}");
}


This does the same work as the while loop and the do loop you've already used. The for statement has three parts that control how it works.

The first part is the for initializer: int index = 0; declares that index is the loop variable, and sets its initial value to 0.

The middle part is the for condition: index < 10 declares that this for loop continues to execute as long as the value of counter is less than 10.

The final part is the for iterator: index++ specifies how to modify the loop variable after executing the block following the for statement. Here, it specifies that index should be incremented by 1 each time the block executes.

Experiment with these yourself. Try each of the following:

• Change the initializer to start at a different value.
• Change the condition to stop at a different value.

When you're done, let's move on to write some code yourself to use what you've learned.

## Combine branches and loops

Now that you've seen the if statement and the looping constructs in the C# language, see if you can write C# code to find the sum of all integers 1 through 20 that are divisible by 3. Here are a few hints:

• The % operator gives you the remainder of a division operation.
• The if statement gives you the condition to see if a number should be part of the sum.
• The for loop can help you repeat a series of steps for all the numbers 1 through 20.

Try it yourself. Then check how you did. You should get 63 for an answer. You can see one possible answer by viewing the completed code on GitHub.

You've completed the "branches and loops" tutorial.

You can continue with the Arrays and collections tutorial in your own development environment.