# Boolean Expressions (Visual Basic)

A Boolean expression is an expression that evaluates to a value of the Boolean Data Type: True or False. Boolean expressions can take several forms. The simplest is the direct comparison of the value of a Boolean variable to a Boolean literal, as shown in the following example.

If newCustomer = True Then
' Insert code to execute if newCustomer = True.
Else
' Insert code to execute if newCustomer = False.
End If


## Two Meanings of the = Operator

Notice that the assignment statement newCustomer = True looks the same as the expression in the preceding example, but it performs a different function and is used differently. In the preceding example, the expression newCustomer = True represents a Boolean value, and the = sign is interpreted as a comparison operator. In a stand-alone statement, the = sign is interpreted as an assignment operator and assigns the value on the right to the variable on the left. The following example illustrates this.

If newCustomer = True Then
newCustomer = False
End If


For further information, see Value Comparisons and Statements.

## Comparison Operators

Comparison operators such as =, <, >, <>, <=, and >= produce Boolean expressions by comparing the expression on the left side of the operator to the expression on the right side of the operator and evaluating the result as True or False. The following example illustrates this.

42 < 81

Because 42 is less than 81, the Boolean expression in the preceding example evaluates to True. For more information on this kind of expression, see Value Comparisons.

### Comparison Operators Combined with Logical Operators

Comparison expressions can be combined using logical operators to produce more complex Boolean expressions. The following example demonstrates the use of comparison operators in conjunction with a logical operator.

x > y And x < 1000

In the preceding example, the value of the overall expression depends on the values of the expressions on each side of the And operator. If both expressions are True, then the overall expression evaluates to True. If either expression is False, then the entire expression evaluates to False.

## Short-Circuiting Operators

The logical operators AndAlso and OrElse exhibit behavior known as short-circuiting. A short-circuiting operator evaluates the left operand first. If the left operand determines the value of the entire expression, then program execution proceeds without evaluating the right expression. The following example illustrates this.

If 45 < 12 AndAlso testFunction(3) = 81 Then
' Add code to continue execution.
End If


In the preceding example, the operator evaluates the left expression, 45 < 12. Because the left expression evaluates to False, the entire logical expression must evaluate to False. Program execution thus skips execution of the code within the If block without evaluating the right expression, testFunction(3). This example does not call testFunction() because the left expression falsifies the entire expression.

Similarly, if the left expression in a logical expression using OrElse evaluates to True, execution proceeds to the next line of code without evaluating the right expression, because the left expression has already validated the entire expression.

### Comparison with Non-Short-Circuiting Operators

By contrast, both sides of the logical operator are evaluated when the logical operators And and Or are used. The following example illustrates this.

If 45 < 12 And testFunction(3) = 81 Then
' Add code to continue execution.
End If


The preceding example calls testFunction() even though the left expression evaluates to False.

## Parenthetical Expressions

You can use parentheses to control the order of evaluation of Boolean expressions. Expressions enclosed by parentheses evaluate first. For multiple levels of nesting, precedence is granted to the most deeply nested expressions. Within parentheses, evaluation proceeds according to the rules of operator precedence. For more information, see Operator Precedence in Visual Basic.