次の方法で共有


User-Defined Conversions (C++/CLI)

 

The new home for Visual Studio documentation is Visual Studio 2017 Documentation on docs.microsoft.com.

The latest version of this topic can be found at User-Defined Conversions (C++/CLI).

This section discusses user-defined conversions (UDC) when one of the types in the conversion is a reference or instance of a value type or reference type.

Implicit and explicit conversions

A user-defined conversion can either be implicit or explicit. A UDC should be implicit if the conversion does not result in a loss of information. Otherwise an explicit UDC should be defined.

A native class's constructor can be used to convert a reference or value type to a native class.

For more information about conversions, see Boxing and Standard Conversions.

// mcpp_User_Defined_Conversions.cpp  
// compile with: /clr  
#include "stdio.h"  
ref class R;  
class N;  
  
value class V {  
   static operator V(R^) {  
      return V();  
   }  
};  
  
ref class R {  
public:  
   static operator N(R^);  
   static operator V(R^) {  
      System::Console::WriteLine("in R::operator N");  
      return V();  
   }  
};  
  
class N {  
public:  
   N(R^) {  
      printf("in N::N\n");  
   }  
};  
  
R::operator N(R^) {  
   System::Console::WriteLine("in R::operator N");  
   return N(nullptr);  
}  
  
int main() {  
   // Direct initialization:  
   R ^r2;  
   N n2(r2);   // direct initialization, calls constructor  
   static_cast<N>(r2);   // also direct initialization  
  
   R ^r3;  
   // ambiguous V::operator V(R^) and R::operator V(R^)  
   // static_cast<V>(r3);     
}  

Output

in N::N  
in N::N  

Convert-From Operators

Convert-from operators create an object of the class in which the operator is defined from an object of some other class.

Standard C++ does not support convert-from operators; standard C++ uses constructors for this purpose. However, when using CLR types, Visual C++ provide syntactic support for calling convert-from operators.

To interoperate well with other CLS-compliant languages, you may wish to wrap each user-defined unary constructor for a given class with a corresponding convert-from operator.

Convert-from operators:

  • Shall be defined as static functions.

  • Can either be implicit (for conversions that do not lose precision such as short-to-int) or explicit, when there may be a loss of precision.

  • Shall return an object of the containing class.

  • Shall have the "from" type as the sole parameter type.

The following sample shows an implicit and explicit "convert-from", user-defined conversion (UDC) operator.

// clr_udc_convert_from.cpp  
// compile with: /clr  
value struct MyDouble {  
   double d;  
  
   MyDouble(int i) {  
      d = static_cast<double>(i);  
      System::Console::WriteLine("in constructor");  
   }  
  
   // Wrap the constructor with a convert-from operator.  
   // implicit UDC because conversion cannot lose precision  
   static operator MyDouble (int i) {  
      System::Console::WriteLine("in operator");  
      // call the constructor  
      MyDouble d(i);  
      return d;  
   }  
  
   // an explicit user-defined conversion operator  
   static explicit operator signed short int (MyDouble) {  
      return 1;  
   }  
};  
  
int main() {  
   int i = 10;  
   MyDouble md = i;  
   System::Console::WriteLine(md.d);  
  
   // using explicit user-defined conversion operator requires a cast    
   unsigned short int j = static_cast<unsigned short int>(md);  
   System::Console::WriteLine(j);  
}  

Output

in operator  
in constructor  
10  
1  

Convert-to operators

Convert-to operators convert an object of the class in which the operator is defined to some other object. The following sample shows an implicit, convert-to, user-defined conversion operator:

// clr_udc_convert_to.cpp  
// compile with: /clr  
using namespace System;  
value struct MyInt {  
   Int32 i;  
  
   // convert MyInt to String^  
   static operator String^ ( MyInt val ) {  
      return val.i.ToString();  
   }  
  
   MyInt(int _i) : i(_i) {}  
};  
  
int main() {  
   MyInt mi(10);  
   String ^s = mi;  
   Console::WriteLine(s);  
}  

Output

10  

An explicit user-defined convert-to conversion operator is appropriate for conversions that potentially lose data in some way. To invoke an explicit convert-to operator, a cast must be used.

// clr_udc_convert_to_2.cpp  
// compile with: /clr  
value struct MyDouble {  
   double d;  
   // convert MyDouble to Int32  
   static explicit operator System::Int32 ( MyDouble val ) {  
      return (int)val.d;  
   }  
};  
  
int main() {  
   MyDouble d;  
   d.d = 10.3;  
   System::Console::WriteLine(d.d);  
   int i = 0;  
   i = static_cast<int>(d);  
   System::Console::WriteLine(i);  
}  

Output

10.3  
10  

To convert generic classes

You can convert a generic class to T.

// clr_udc_generics.cpp  
// compile with: /clr  
generic<class T>   
public value struct V {  
   T mem;  
   static operator T(V v) {  
      return v.mem;  
   }  
  
   void f(T t) {  
      mem = t;  
   }  
};  
  
int main() {  
   V<int> v;  
   v.f(42);  
   int i = v;  
   i += v;  
   System::Console::WriteLine(i == (42 * 2) );  
}  

Output

True  

A converting constructor takes a type and uses it to create an object. A converting constructor is called with direct initialization only; casts will not invoke converting constructors. By default, converting constructors are explicit for CLR types.

// clr_udc_converting_constructors.cpp  
// compile with: /clr  
public ref struct R {  
   int m;  
   char c;  
  
   R(int i) : m(i) { }  
   R(char j) : c(j) { }  
};  
  
public value struct V {  
   R^ ptr;  
   int m;  
  
   V(R^ r) : ptr(r) { }  
   V(int i) : m(i) { }  
};  
  
int main() {   
   R^ r = gcnew R(5);  
  
   System::Console::WriteLine( V(5).m);  
   System::Console::WriteLine( V(r).ptr);  
}  

Output

5  
R  

In this code sample, an implicit static conversion function does the same thing as an explicit conversion constructor.

public value struct V {  
   int m;  
   V(int i) : m(i) {}  
   static operator V(int i) {  
      V v(i*100);  
      return v;  
   }  
};  
  
public ref struct R {  
   int m;  
   R(int i) : m(i) {}  
   static operator R^(int i) {  
      return gcnew R(i*100);  
   }  
};  
  
int main() {  
   V v(13);   // explicit  
   R^ r = gcnew R(12);   // explicit  
  
   System::Console::WriteLine(v.m);  
   System::Console::WriteLine(r->m);  
  
   // explicit ctor can't be called here: not ambiguous  
   v = 5;  
   r = 20;  
  
   System::Console::WriteLine(v.m);  
   System::Console::WriteLine(r->m);  
}  

Output

13  
12  
500  
2000  

See Also

Classes and Structs