microsoftml.rx_logistic_regression: Logistic Regression

Article
03/03/2023

Usage

microsoftml.rx_logistic_regression(formula: str,
    data: [revoscalepy.datasource.RxDataSource.RxDataSource,
    pandas.core.frame.DataFrame], method: ['binary',
    'multiClass'] = 'binary', l2_weight: float = 1,
    l1_weight: float = 1, opt_tol: float = 1e-07,
    memory_size: int = 20, init_wts_diameter: float = 0,
    max_iterations: int = 2147483647,
    show_training_stats: bool = False, sgd_init_tol: float = 0,
    train_threads: int = None, dense_optimizer: bool = False,
    normalize: ['No', 'Warn', 'Auto', 'Yes'] = 'Auto',
    ml_transforms: list = None, ml_transform_vars: list = None,
    row_selection: str = None, transforms: dict = None,
    transform_objects: dict = None, transform_function: str = None,
    transform_variables: list = None,
    transform_packages: list = None,
    transform_environment: dict = None, blocks_per_read: int = None,
    report_progress: int = None, verbose: int = 1,
    ensemble: microsoftml.modules.ensemble.EnsembleControl = None,
    compute_context: revoscalepy.computecontext.RxComputeContext.RxComputeContext = None)

Description

Machine Learning Logistic Regression

Details

Logistic Regression is a classification method used to predict the value of a categorical dependent variable from its relationship to one or more independent variables assumed to have a logistic distribution. If the dependent variable has only two possible values (success/failure), then the logistic regression is binary. If the dependent variable has more than two possible values (blood type given diagnostic test results), then the logistic regression is multinomial.

The optimization technique used for rx_logistic_regression is the limited memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS). Both the L-BFGS and regular BFGS algorithms use quasi-Newtonian methods to estimate the computationally intensive Hessian matrix in the equation used by Newton's method to calculate steps. But the L-BFGS approximation uses only a limited amount of memory to compute the next step direction, so that it is especially suited for problems with a large number of variables. The memory_size parameter specifies the number of past positions and gradients to store for use in the computation of the next step.

This learner can use elastic net regularization: a linear combination of L1 (lasso) and L2 (ridge) regularizations. Regularization is a method that can render an ill-posed problem more tractable by imposing constraints that provide information to supplement the data and that prevents overfitting by penalizing models with extreme coefficient values. This can improve the generalization of the model learned by selecting the optimal complexity in the bias-variance tradeoff. Regularization works by adding the penalty that is associated with coefficient values to the error of the hypothesis. An accurate model with extreme coefficient values would be penalized more, but a less accurate model with more conservative values would be penalized less. L1 and L2 regularization have different effects and uses that are complementary in certain respects.

l1_weight: can be applied to sparse models, when working with high-dimensional data. It pulls small weights associated features that are relatively unimportant towards 0.
l2_weight: is preferable for data that is not sparse. It pulls large weights towards zero.

Adding the ridge penalty to the regularization overcomes some of lasso's limitations. It can improve its predictive accuracy, for example, when the number of predictors is greater than the sample size. If x = l1_weight and y = l2_weight, ax + by = c defines the linear span of the regularization terms. The default values of x and y are both 1. An aggressive regularization can harm predictive capacity by excluding important variables out of the model. So choosing the optimal values for the regularization parameters is important for the performance of the logistic regression model.

Arguments

formula

The formula as described in revoscalepy.rx_formula Interaction terms and F() are not currently supported in microsoftml.

data

A data source object or a character string specifying a .xdf file or a data frame object.

method

A character string that specifies the type of Logistic Regression: "binary" for the default binary classification logistic regression or "multiClass" for multinomial logistic regression.

l2_weight

The L2 regularization weight. Its value must be greater than or equal to 0 and the default value is set to 1.

l1_weight

The L1 regularization weight. Its value must be greater than or equal to 0 and the default value is set to 1.

opt_tol

Threshold value for optimizer convergence. If the improvement between iterations is less than the threshold, the algorithm stops and returns the current model. Smaller values are slower, but more accurate. The default value is 1e-07.

memory_size

Memory size for L-BFGS, specifying the number of past positions and gradients to store for the computation of the next step. This optimization parameter limits the amount of memory that is used to compute the magnitude and direction of the next step. When you specify less memory, training is faster but less accurate. Must be greater than or equal to 1 and the default value is 20.

max_iterations

Sets the maximum number of iterations. After this number of steps, the algorithm stops even if it has not satisfied convergence criteria.

show_training_stats

Specify True to show the statistics of training data and the trained model; otherwise, False. The default value is False. For additional information about model statistics, see summary.ml_model().

sgd_init_tol

Set to a number greater than 0 to use Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) to find the initial parameters. A non-zero value set specifies the tolerance SGD uses to determine convergence. The default value is 0 specifying that SGD is not used.

init_wts_diameter

Sets the initial weights diameter that specifies the range from which values are drawn for the initial weights. These weights are initialized randomly from within this range. For example, if the diameter is specified to be d, then the weights are uniformly distributed between -d/2 and d/2. The default value is 0, which specifies that all the weights are initialized to 0.

train_threads

The number of threads to use in training the model. This should be set to the number of cores on the machine. Note that L-BFGS multi-threading attempts to load dataset into memory. In case of out-of-memory issues, set train_threads to 1 to turn off multi-threading. If None the number of threads to use is determined internally. The default value is None.

dense_optimizer

If True, forces densification of the internal optimization vectors. If False, enables the logistic regression optimizer use sparse or dense internal states as it finds appropriate. Setting denseOptimizer to True requires the internal optimizer to use a dense internal state, which may help alleviate load on the garbage collector for some varieties of larger problems.

normalize

Specifies the type of automatic normalization used:

"Auto": if normalization is needed, it is performed automatically. This is the default choice.
"No": no normalization is performed.
"Yes": normalization is performed.
"Warn": if normalization is needed, a warning message is displayed, but normalization is not performed.

Normalization rescales disparate data ranges to a standard scale. Feature scaling insures the distances between data points are proportional and enables various optimization methods such as gradient descent to converge much faster. If normalization is performed, a MaxMin normalizer is used. It normalizes values in an interval [a, b] where -1 <= a <= 0 and 0 <= b <= 1 and b - a = 1. This normalizer preserves sparsity by mapping zero to zero.

ml_transforms

Specifies a list of MicrosoftML transforms to be performed on the data before training or None if no transforms are to be performed. See featurize_text, categorical, and categorical_hash, for transformations that are supported. These transformations are performed after any specified Python transformations. The default value is None.

ml_transform_vars

Specifies a character vector of variable names to be used in ml_transforms or None if none are to be used. The default value is None.

row_selection

NOT SUPPORTED. Specifies the rows (observations) from the data set that are to be used by the model with the name of a logical variable from the data set (in quotes) or with a logical expression using variables in the data set. For example:

row_selection = "old" will only use observations in which the value of the variable old is True.
row_selection = (age > 20) & (age < 65) & (log(income) > 10) only uses observations in which the value of the age variable is between 20 and 65 and the value of the log of the income variable is greater than 10.

The row selection is performed after processing any data transformations (see the arguments transforms or transform_function). As with all expressions, row_selection can be defined outside of the function call using the expression function.

transforms

NOT SUPPORTED. An expression of the form that represents the first round of variable transformations. As with all expressions, transforms (or row_selection) can be defined outside of the function call using the expression function.

transform_objects

NOT SUPPORTED. A named list that contains objects that can be referenced by transforms, transform_function, and row_selection.

transform_function

The variable transformation function.

transform_variables

A character vector of input data set variables needed for the transformation function.

transform_packages

NOT SUPPORTED. A character vector specifying additional Python packages (outside of those specified in RxOptions.get_option("transform_packages")) to be made available and preloaded for use in variable transformation functions. For example, those explicitly defined in revoscalepy functions via their transforms and transform_function arguments or those defined implicitly via their formula or row_selection arguments. The transform_packages argument may also be None, indicating that no packages outside RxOptions.get_option("transform_packages") are preloaded.

transform_environment

NOT SUPPORTED. A user-defined environment to serve as a parent to all environments developed internally and used for variable data transformation. If transform_environment = None, a new "hash" environment with parent revoscalepy.baseenv is used instead.

blocks_per_read

Specifies the number of blocks to read for each chunk of data read from the data source.

report_progress

An integer value that specifies the level of reporting on the row processing progress:

0: no progress is reported.
1: the number of processed rows is printed and updated.
2: rows processed and timings are reported.
3: rows processed and all timings are reported.

verbose

An integer value that specifies the amount of output wanted. If 0, no verbose output is printed during calculations. Integer values from 1 to 4 provide increasing amounts of information.

compute_context

Sets the context in which computations are executed, specified with a valid revoscalepy.RxComputeContext. Currently local and revoscalepy.RxInSqlServer compute contexts are supported.

ensemble

Control parameters for ensembling.

Returns

A LogisticRegression object with the trained model.

Note

This algorithm will attempt to load the entire dataset into memory when train_threads > 1 (multi-threading).

References

Wikipedia: L-BFGS

Wikipedia: Logistic regression

Scalable Training of L1-Regularized Log-Linear Models

Test Run - L1 and L2 Regularization for Machine Learning

Binary classification example

'''
Binary Classification.
'''
import numpy
import pandas
from microsoftml import rx_logistic_regression, rx_predict
from revoscalepy.etl.RxDataStep import rx_data_step
from microsoftml.datasets.datasets import get_dataset

infert = get_dataset("infert")


import sklearn
if sklearn.__version__ < "0.18":
    from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split
else:
    from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

infertdf = infert.as_df()
infertdf["isCase"] = infertdf.case == 1
data_train, data_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(infertdf, infertdf.isCase)

model = rx_logistic_regression(
    formula=" isCase ~ age + parity + education + spontaneous + induced ",
    data=data_train)

print(model.coef_)
    
# RuntimeError: The type (RxTextData) for file is not supported.
score_ds = rx_predict(model, data=data_test,
                     extra_vars_to_write=["isCase", "Score"])
                     
# Print the first five rows
print(rx_data_step(score_ds, number_rows_read=5))

Output:

Automatically adding a MinMax normalization transform, use 'norm=Warn' or 'norm=No' to turn this behavior off.
Beginning processing data.
Rows Read: 186, Read Time: 0, Transform Time: 0
Beginning processing data.
Beginning processing data.
Rows Read: 186, Read Time: 0.001, Transform Time: 0
Beginning processing data.
Beginning processing data.
Rows Read: 186, Read Time: 0, Transform Time: 0
Beginning processing data.
LBFGS multi-threading will attempt to load dataset into memory. In case of out-of-memory issues, turn off multi-threading by setting trainThreads to 1.
Beginning optimization
num vars: 6
improvement criterion: Mean Improvement
L1 regularization selected 5 of 6 weights.
Not training a calibrator because it is not needed.
Elapsed time: 00:00:00.0646405
Elapsed time: 00:00:00.0083991
OrderedDict([('(Bias)', -1.2366217374801636), ('spontaneous', 1.9391206502914429), ('induced', 0.7497404217720032), ('parity', -0.31517016887664795), ('age', -3.162723260174971e-06)])
Beginning processing data.
Rows Read: 62, Read Time: 0, Transform Time: 0
Beginning processing data.
Elapsed time: 00:00:00.0287290
Finished writing 62 rows.
Writing completed.
Rows Read: 5, Total Rows Processed: 5, Total Chunk Time: 0.001 seconds 
  isCase PredictedLabel     Score  Probability
0  False          False -1.341681     0.207234
1   True           True  0.597440     0.645070
2  False           True  0.544912     0.632954
3  False          False -1.289152     0.215996
4  False          False -1.019339     0.265156

MultiClass classification example

'''
MultiClass Classification
'''
import numpy
import pandas
from microsoftml import rx_logistic_regression, rx_predict
from revoscalepy.etl.RxDataStep import rx_data_step
from microsoftml.datasets.datasets import get_dataset

iris = get_dataset("iris")

import sklearn
if sklearn.__version__ < "0.18":
    from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split
else:
    from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

irisdf = iris.as_df()
irisdf["Species"] = irisdf["Species"].astype("category")
data_train, data_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(irisdf, irisdf.Species)

model = rx_logistic_regression(
    formula="  Species ~ Sepal_Length + Sepal_Width + Petal_Length + Petal_Width ",
    method="multiClass",
    data=data_train)

print(model.coef_)
    
# RuntimeError: The type (RxTextData) for file is not supported.
score_ds = rx_predict(model, data=data_test,
                     extra_vars_to_write=["Species", "Score"])
                     
# Print the first five rows
print(rx_data_step(score_ds, number_rows_read=5))