1.1 Glossary

This document uses the following terms:

3D printer: A device that constructs a physical, three-dimensional object from a digital model.

access control entry (ACE): An entry in an access control list (ACL) that contains a set of user rights and a security identifier (SID) that identifies a principal for whom the rights are allowed, denied, or audited.

access level: The type of access that the client requests for an object, such as read access, write access, or administrative access.

Active Directory: The Windows implementation of a general-purpose directory service, which uses LDAP as its primary access protocol. Active Directory stores information about a variety of objects in the network such as user accounts, computer accounts, groups, and all related credential information used by Kerberos [MS-KILE]. Active Directory is either deployed as Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) or Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS), which are both described in [MS-ADOD]: Active Directory Protocols Overview.

adaptive port monitor (APMON): A port monitor that supports printing to network printers that comply with either Web Services for Devices (WSD) or the internet printing protocol (IPP). The monitor automatically selects whether to use WSD or IPP.

application server mode: A mode in which Terminal Services require a client access license (CAL) to allow remote access to sessions on a terminal server.

ASCII: The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is an 8-bit character-encoding scheme based on the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that work with text. ASCII refers to a single 8-bit ASCII character or an array of 8-bit ASCII characters with the high bit of each character set to zero.

authentication: The ability of one entity to determine the identity of another entity.

bidirectional: The ability to move, transfer, or transmit in two directions.

big-endian: Multiple-byte values that are byte-ordered with the most significant byte stored in the memory location with the lowest address.

branch office print mode: An operating mode in which a print client is able to perform branch office printing. Every shared printer on a print server can be configured to operate in branch office print mode.

branch office print remote logging: An operating mode in which a print client logs printing-related Windows Events on the print server. Branch office print remote logging occurs only when the print client is in branch office print mode.

checksum: A value that is the summation of a byte stream. By comparing the checksums computed from a data item at two different times, one can quickly assess whether the data items are identical.

class printer driver: Any printer driver declared by its manufacturer to be one from which a derived printer driver can derive. A class printer driver cannot itself be a derived printer driver. Typically, class printer drivers are generic and work with a variety of devices, while derived printer drivers work with a particular device and support features specific to that device.

color matching: The conversion of a color, sent from its original color space, to its visually closest color in the destination color space. See also Image Color Management (ICM).

color profile: A file that contains information about how to convert colors in the color space and the color gamut of a specific device into a device-independent color space. A device-specific color profile is called a "device profile". For more information on using color and device profiles, see [MSDN-UDP].

container: An object in the directory that can serve as the parent for other objects. In the absence of schema constraints, all objects would be containers. The schema allows only objects of specific classes to be containers.

core printer driver: A printer driver that other printer drivers depend on. This term includes the Unidrv and Pscript printer drivers. For more information, see [MSDN-UNIDRV] and [MSDN-PSCRIPT] respectively.

curly braced GUID string: The string representation of a 128-bit globally unique identifier (GUID) using the form {XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX}, where X denotes a hexadecimal digit. The string representation between the enclosing braces is the standard representation of a GUID as described in [RFC4122] section 3. Unlike a GUIDString, a curly braced GUID string includes enclosing braces.

cyclic redundancy check (CRC): An algorithm used to produce a checksum (a small, fixed number of bits) against a block of data, such as a packet of network traffic or a block of a computer file. The CRC is a broad class of functions used to detect errors after transmission or storage. A CRC is designed to catch random errors, as opposed to intentional errors. If errors might be introduced by a motivated and intelligent adversary, a cryptographic hash function should be used instead.

data type: A string that specifies the format of data that a printing application sends to a printer in a print job. Data types include enhanced metafile spool format (EMFSPOOL) and RAW format. For rules governing data type names, see section 2.2.4.2.

derived printer driver: A printer driver declared by its manufacturer to depend on a particular class printer driver by sharing modules with the class printer driver.

device: Any peripheral or part of a computer system that can send or receive data.

device driver: The software that the system uses to communicate with a device such as a display, printer, mouse, or communications adapter. An abstraction layer that restricts access of applications to various hardware devices on a given computer system. It is often referred to simply as a "driver".

directed discovery: A discovery method used by WSD devices. Directed discovery is used to discover devices on a subnet that is not the local subnet.

directory service (DS): A service that stores and organizes information about a computer network's users and network shares, and that allows network administrators to manage users' access to the shares. See also Active Directory.

discretionary access control list (DACL): An access control list (ACL) that is controlled by the owner of an object and that specifies the access particular users or groups can have to the object.

distinguished name (DN): A name that uniquely identifies an object by using the relative distinguished name (RDN) for the object, and the names of container objects and domains that contain the object. The distinguished name (DN) identifies the object and its location in a tree.

dithering: A form of digital halftoning.

domain: A set of users and computers sharing a common namespace and management infrastructure. At least one computer member of the set must act as a domain controller (DC) and host a member list that identifies all members of the domain, as well as optionally hosting the Active Directory service. The domain controller provides authentication of members, creating a unit of trust for its members. Each domain has an identifier that is shared among its members. For more information, see [MS-AUTHSOD] section 1.1.1.5 and [MS-ADTS].

domain controller (DC): The service, running on a server, that implements Active Directory, or the server hosting this service. The service hosts the data store for objects and interoperates with other DCs to ensure that a local change to an object replicates correctly across all DCs. When Active Directory is operating as Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS), the DC contains full NC replicas of the configuration naming context (config NC), schema naming context (schema NC), and one of the domain NCs in its forest. If the AD DS DC is a global catalog server (GC server), it contains partial NC replicas of the remaining domain NCs in its forest. For more information, see [MS-AUTHSOD] section 1.1.1.5.2 and [MS-ADTS]. When Active Directory is operating as Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS), several AD LDS DCs can run on one server. When Active Directory is operating as AD DS, only one AD DS DC can run on one server. However, several AD LDS DCs can coexist with one AD DS DC on one server. The AD LDS DC contains full NC replicas of the config NC and the schema NC in its forest. The domain controller is the server side of Authentication Protocol Domain Support [MS-APDS].

domain name: A domain name or a NetBIOS name that identifies a domain.

Domain Name System (DNS): A hierarchical, distributed database that contains mappings of domain names to various types of data, such as IP addresses. DNS enables the location of computers and services by user-friendly names, and it also enables the discovery of other information stored in the database.

driver package: A collection of the files needed to successfully load a driver. This includes the device information (.inf) file, the catalog file, and all of the binaries that are copied by the .inf file.  Multiple drivers packaged together for deployment purposes.

driver store: A secure location on the local hard disk where the entire driver package is copied.

endpoint: A network-specific address of a remote procedure call (RPC) server process for remote procedure calls. The actual name and type of the endpoint depends on the RPC protocol sequence that is being used. For example, for RPC over TCP (RPC Protocol Sequence ncacn_ip_tcp), an endpoint might be TCP port 1025. For RPC over Server Message Block (RPC Protocol Sequence ncacn_np), an endpoint might be the name of a named pipe. For more information, see [C706].

enhanced metafile format (EMF): A file format that supports the device-independent definitions of images.

enhanced metafile spool format (EMFSPOOL): A format that specifies a structure of enhanced metafile format (EMF) records used for defining application and device-independent printer spool files.

event channel: A collection of Windows Events that is provided by the system. Also referred to as an event log. The name of an event channel is composed of an event provider name combined with a channel type string. Valid channel types are "Admin", "Analytic", "Debug", and "Operational". For more information, see [MSDN-WINEV].

event ID: An identifier for the data represented by a Windows Event. Event IDs are unique with each event provider. For more information, see [MSDN-WINEV].

fax printer: A print queue that sends all print jobs to fax recipients as fax documents containing the printed data.

file: An entity of data in the file system that a user can access and manage. A file must have a unique name in its directory. It consists of one or more streams of bytes that hold a set of related data, plus a set of attributes (also called properties) that describe the file or the data within the file. The creation time of a file is an example of a file attribute.

file printer: A print queue that does not represent a physical device, but instead converts all print jobs to files containing the printed data.

fully qualified domain name (FQDN): An unambiguous domain name that gives an absolute location in the Domain Name System's (DNS) hierarchy tree, as defined in [RFC1035] section 3.1 and [RFC2181] section 11.

global catalog (GC): A unified partial view of multiple naming contexts (NCs) in a distributed partitioned directory. The Active Directory directory service GC is implemented by GC servers. The definition of global catalog is specified in [MS-ADTS] section 3.1.1.1.8.

globally unique identifier (GUID): A term used interchangeably with universally unique identifier (UUID) in Microsoft protocol technical documents (TDs). Interchanging the usage of these terms does not imply or require a specific algorithm or mechanism to generate the value. Specifically, the use of this term does not imply or require that the algorithms described in [RFC4122] or [C706] must be used for generating the GUID. See also universally unique identifier (UUID).

Graphics Device Interface (GDI): An API, supported on 16-bit and 32-bit versions of the operating system, that supports graphics operations and image manipulation on logical graphics objects.

halftoning: The process of converting grayscale, or continuous-tone graphics or images, to a representation with a discrete number of gray (or tone) levels.

Image Color Management (ICM): Technology that ensures that a color image, graphic, or text object is rendered as closely as possible to its original intent on any device despite differences in imaging technologies and color capabilities between devices.

INF file: A file providing Setup with the information required to set up a device, such as a list of valid logical configurations for the device and the names of driver files associated with the device.

information context: A special-purpose printer object that can only be used to obtain information about fonts that are supported by a printer. For more information, see [MSDN-FONTS].

Interface Definition Language (IDL): The International Standards Organization (ISO) standard language for specifying the interface for remote procedure calls. For more information, see [C706] section 4.

Internet Printing Protocol (IPP): A standard protocol for printing and for the management of print jobs and printer settings over the Internet. It is built on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4): An Internet protocol that has 32-bit source and destination addresses. IPv4 is the predecessor of IPv6.

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6): A revised version of the Internet Protocol (IP) designed to address growth on the Internet. Improvements include a 128-bit IP address size, expanded routing capabilities, and support for authentication and privacy.

language monitor: An executable object that provides a communications path between a print queue and a printer's port monitor. Language monitors add control information to the data stream, such as commands defined by a Page Description Language (PDL). They are optional, and are only associated with a particular type of printer if specified in the printer's INF file.

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): The primary access protocol for Active Directory. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an industry-standard protocol, established by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which allows users to query and update information in a directory service (DS), as described in [MS-ADTS]. The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol can be either version 2 [RFC1777] or version 3 [RFC3377].

little-endian: Multiple-byte values that are byte-ordered with the least significant byte stored in the memory location with the lowest address.

LOCALMON: The port monitor that manages local serial ("COM") and parallel ("LPT") ports on a machine.

LPRMON: The port monitor module that allows print servers to send print jobs to machines that support UNIX print server functions.

Management Information Base (MIB): A set of Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)-managed [RFC1157] network objects that are a logical representation of physical networking components. Each managed object in a MIB has a unique identifier. The identifier includes the object's type (counter, string, gauge, or address), the object's access level (read or read/write), size restrictions, and range information.

marshal: To encode one or more data structures into an octet stream using a specific remote procedure call (RPC) transfer syntax (for example, marshaling a 32-bit integer).

marshaling: The act of formatting COM parameters for transmission over a remote procedure call (RPC). For more information, see [MS-DCOM].

Microsoft-Windows-PrintService: An event provider for printing services on operating systems.

monitor module: An executable object that provides a communication path between the print system and the printers on a server.

multicast discovery: A discovery method used by WSD devices. Multicast discovery is used to discover devices on the local subnet.

multisz: A data type that defines an array of null-terminated, 16-bit Unicode UTF-16LE-encoded strings, with an additional null after the final string.

naming context (NC): An NC is a set of objects organized as a tree. It is referenced by a DSName. The DN of the DSName is the distinguishedName attribute of the tree root. The GUID of the DSName is the objectGUID attribute of the tree root. The security identifier (SID) of the DSName, if present, is the objectSid attribute of the tree root; for Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS), the SID is present if and only if the NC is a domain naming context (domain NC). Active Directory supports organizing several NCs into a tree structure.

NetBIOS: A particular network transport that is part of the LAN Manager protocol suite. NetBIOS uses a broadcast communication style that was applicable to early segmented local area networks. A protocol family including name resolution, datagram, and connection services. For more information, see [RFC1001] and [RFC1002].

Network Data Representation (NDR): A specification that defines a mapping from Interface Definition Language (IDL) data types onto octet streams. NDR also refers to the runtime environment that implements the mapping facilities (for example, data provided to NDR). For more information, see [MS-RPCE] and [C706] section 14.

n-up printing: The act of arranging multiple logical pages on a physical sheet of paper.

object identifier (OID): In the context of an object server, a 64-bit number that uniquely identifies an object.

Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS): The XML Paper Specification (XPS) document format based on the European Carton Makers Association (ECMA) standard ECMA-388 [ECMA-388].

opnum: An operation number or numeric identifier that is used to identify a specific remote procedure call (RPC) method or a method in an interface. For more information, see [C706] section 12.5.2.12 or [MS-RPCE].

page description language (PDL): The language for describing the layout and contents of a printed page. Common examples are PostScript and Printer Control Language (PCL).

plug-in: An executable module that can be loaded by the print server to perform specific functions.

port: A logical name that represents a connection to a device. A port can represent a network address (for example, a TCP/IP address) or a local connection (for example, a USB port).

port monitor: A plug-in that communicates with a device that is connected to a port. A port monitor can interact with the device locally, remotely over a network, or through some other communication channel. The data that passes through a port monitor is in a form that can be understood by the destination device, such as page description language (PDL).

port monitor module: A monitor module for a port monitor.

PostScript: A page description language developed by Adobe Systems that is primarily used for printing documents on laser printers. It is the standard for desktop publishing.

principal: An authenticated entity that initiates a message or channel in a distributed system.

print client: The application or user that is trying to apply an operation on the print system either by printing a job or by managing the data structures or devices maintained by the print system.

print job: The rendered page description language (PDL) output data sent to a print device for a particular application or user request.

Print Pipeline: A service in the XPS printing subsystem that applies a series of printer driver-defined filters to the data in an XPS printer spool file.

print processor: A plug-in that runs on the print server and processes print job data before it is sent to a print device.

print provider: A plug-in that runs on the print server and routes print system requests. Print providers are an implementation detail and are not required by this protocol.

print queue: The logical entity to which jobs can be submitted for a particular print device. Associated with a print queue is a print driver, a user's print configuration in the form of a DEVMODE structure, and a system print configuration stored in the system registry.

print server: A machine that hosts the print system and all its different components.

print system: A system component that is responsible for coordinating and controlling the operation of print queues, printer drivers, and print jobs.

print system remote protocol stress analysis: An optional diagnostic procedure that is used to analyze print server load, error counts, throughput, and other metrics.

Printer Control Language (PCL): A page description language (PDL) developed by Hewlett Packard for its laser and ink-jet printers.

printer driver: The interface component between the operating system and the printer device. It is responsible for processing the application data into a page description language (PDL) that can be interpreted by the printer device.

printer driver downgrade: An upgrade operation where an older printer driver is installed, replacing a newer printer driver.

printer driver isolation: An implementation technology by which a print server segregates printer driver execution into one or more processes separate from the print server to isolate the print server and other printer drivers from the side effects of faulty drivers.

printer driver manifest: A file that is installed with a printer driver and lists attributes of the printer driver. The formatting of printer driver manifests is specific to the print server implementation.

printer driver upgrade: An upgrade operation where a newer printer driver is installed, replacing an older printer driver.

printer form: A preprinted blank paper form, or a print job's virtual representation of this form, that enables a printer to position form elements in their physical location on the page.

printer key: A string that uniquely identifies a path under the main registry key where printer configuration data is kept. Rules for printer key names are specified in section 2.2.4.7.

printer UI application: An implementation-specific application optionally installed together with a printer driver. A printer UI application provides access to the user to discover available printer features, and monitor and modify printer configuration settings.

RAW format: A data type consisting of PDL data that can be sent to a device without further processing.

registry: A local system-defined database in which applications and system components store and retrieve configuration data. It is a hierarchical data store with lightly typed elements that are logically stored in tree format. Applications use the registry API to retrieve, modify, or delete registry data. The data stored in the registry varies according to the version of the operating system.

relative distinguished name (RDN): The name of an object relative to its parent. This is the leftmost attribute-value pair in the distinguished name (DN) of an object. For example, in the DN "cn=Peter Houston, ou=NTDEV, dc=microsoft, dc=com", the RDN is "cn=Peter Houston". For more information, see [RFC2251].

Remote Administration Protocol (RAP): A synchronous request/response protocol, used prior to the development of the remote procedure call (RPC) protocol, for marshaling and unmarshaling procedure call input and output arguments into messages and for reliably transporting messages to and from clients and servers.

remote procedure call (RPC): A communication protocol used primarily between client and server. The term has three definitions that are often used interchangeably: a runtime environment providing for communication facilities between computers (the RPC runtime); a set of request-and-response message exchanges between computers (the RPC exchange); and the single message from an RPC exchange (the RPC message).  For more information, see [C706].

RPC context handle: A representation of state maintained between a remote procedure call (RPC) client and server. The state is maintained on the server on behalf of the client. An RPC context handle is created by the server and given to the client. The client passes the RPC context handle back to the server in method calls to assist in identifying the state. For more information, see [C706].

RPC endpoint: A network-specific address of a server process for remote procedure calls (RPCs). The actual name of the RPC endpoint depends on the RPC protocol sequence being used. For example, for the NCACN_IP_TCP RPC protocol sequence an RPC endpoint might be TCP port 1025. For more information, see [C706].

RPC transfer syntax: A method for encoding messages defined in an Interface Definition Language (IDL) file. Remote procedure call (RPC) can support different encoding methods or transfer syntaxes. For more information, see [C706].

RPC transport: The underlying network services used by the remote procedure call (RPC) runtime for communications between network nodes. For more information, see [C706] section 2.

rpc_binding_from_string_binding: A method that returns an RPC context handle binding handle from a string representation of a binding handle. For more information, see [C706] section "String Bindings".

SASL: The Simple Authentication and Security Layer, as described in [RFC2222]. This is an authentication mechanism used by the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP).

schema: The set of attributes and object classes that govern the creation and update of objects.

security descriptor: A data structure containing the security information associated with a securable object. A security descriptor identifies an object's owner by its security identifier (SID). If access control is configured for the object, its security descriptor contains a discretionary access control list (DACL) with SIDs for the security principals who are allowed or denied access. Applications use this structure to set and query an object's security status. The security descriptor is used to guard access to an object as well as to control which type of auditing takes place when the object is accessed. The security descriptor format is specified in [MS-DTYP] section 2.4.6; a string representation of security descriptors, called SDDL, is specified in [MS-DTYP] section 2.5.1.

security identifier (SID): An identifier for security principals that is used to identify an account or a group. Conceptually, the SID is composed of an account authority portion (typically a domain) and a smaller integer representing an identity relative to the account authority, termed the relative identifier (RID). The SID format is specified in [MS-DTYP] section 2.4.2; a string representation of SIDs is specified in [MS-DTYP] section 2.4.2 and [MS-AZOD] section 1.1.1.2.

security provider: A pluggable security module that is specified by the protocol layer above the remote procedure call (RPC) layer, and will cause the RPC layer to use this module to secure messages in a communication session with the server. The security provider is sometimes referred to as an authentication service. For more information, see [C706] and [MS-RPCE].

server: A computer on which the remote procedure call (RPC) server is executing.

Server Message Block (SMB): A protocol that is used to request file and print services from server systems over a network. The SMB protocol extends the CIFS protocol with additional security, file, and disk management support. For more information, see [CIFS] and [MS-SMB].

server restart: Any event that causes the print server to stop and start again, including a service or process shutdown and restart, an operating system shutdown and restart, or an unscheduled event, such as a power failure.

service printer: A print queue that sends rendered print jobs to a destination external to the print server using an implementation-specific mechanism that is opaque to the print server.

shared printer: A print queue that is available to print clients as a share.

Simple and Protected GSS-API Negotiation Mechanism (SPNEGO): An authentication mechanism that allows Generic Security Services (GSS) peers to determine whether their credentials support a common set of GSS-API security mechanisms, to negotiate different options within a given security mechanism or different options from several security mechanisms, to select a service, and to establish a security context among themselves using that service. SPNEGO is specified in [RFC4178].

spool file: A representation of application content data than can be processed by a printer driver. Common examples are enhanced metafile format and XML Paper Specification (XPS) [MSDN-XMLP]. For more information, see [MSDN-META].

string resource: A string that is stored in a resource file and that can be retrieved with a key. A string resource is localizable into multiple languages. It is up to an AsyncUI client implementation to determine which language string to retrieve for a given key.

system access control list (SACL): An access control list (ACL) that controls the generation of audit messages for attempts to access a securable object. The ability to get or set an object's SACL is controlled by a privilege typically held only by system administrators.

TCPMON: The port monitor module that manages standard TCP/IP ports on a machine. TCPMON supports configuring a TCP/IP port and obtaining information about the port configuration.

terminal services (TS): A service on a server computer that allows delivery of applications, or the desktop itself, to various computing devices. When a user runs an application on a terminal server, the application execution takes place on the server computer and only keyboard, mouse, and display information is transmitted over the network. Each user sees only his or her individual session, which is managed transparently by the server operating system and is independent of any other client session.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): A protocol used with the Internet Protocol (IP) to send data in the form of message units between computers over the Internet. TCP handles keeping track of the individual units of data (called packets) that a message is divided into for efficient routing through the Internet.

unicast: A delivery method used by media servers for providing content to connected clients in which each client receives a discrete stream that no other client has access to.

Unicode: A character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium that represents almost all of the written languages of the world. The Unicode standard [UNICODE5.0.0/2007] provides three forms (UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32) and seven schemes (UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-16 BE, UTF-16 LE, UTF-32, UTF-32 LE, and UTF-32 BE).

Unicode string: A Unicode 8-bit string is an ordered sequence of 8-bit units, a Unicode 16-bit string is an ordered sequence of 16-bit code units, and a Unicode 32-bit string is an ordered sequence of 32-bit code units. In some cases, it could be acceptable not to terminate with a terminating null character. Unless otherwise specified, all Unicode strings follow the UTF-16LE encoding scheme with no Byte Order Mark (BOM).

Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): A string that identifies a resource. The URI is an addressing mechanism defined in Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax [RFC3986].

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): A string of characters in a standardized format that identifies a document or resource on the World Wide Web. The format is as specified in [RFC1738].

Universal Naming Convention (UNC): A string format that specifies the location of a resource. For more information, see [MS-DTYP] section 2.2.57.

Universal Plug and Play (UPnP): A set of computer network protocols, published by the UPnP Forum [UPnP], that allow devices to connect seamlessly and that simplify the implementation of networks in home (data sharing, communications, and entertainment) and corporate environments. UPnP achieves this by defining and publishing UPnP device control protocols built upon open, Internet-based communication standards.

universal serial bus (USB): An external bus that supports Plug and Play installation. It allows devices to be connected and disconnected without shutting down or restarting the computer.

universally unique identifier (UUID): A 128-bit value. UUIDs can be used for multiple purposes, from tagging objects with an extremely short lifetime, to reliably identifying very persistent objects in cross-process communication such as client and server interfaces, manager entry-point vectors, and RPC objects. UUIDs are highly likely to be unique. UUIDs are also known as globally unique identifiers (GUIDs) and these terms are used interchangeably in the Microsoft protocol technical documents (TDs). Interchanging the usage of these terms does not imply or require a specific algorithm or mechanism to generate the UUID. Specifically, the use of this term does not imply or require that the algorithms described in [RFC4122] or [C706] must be used for generating the UUID.

UNIX: A multiuser, multitasking operating system developed at Bell Laboratories in the 1970s. In this document, the term "UNIX" is used to refer to any derivatives of this operating system.

USBMON: The port monitor that manages local USB ports on a Windows machine.

UTF-16LE: The Unicode Transformation Format - 16-bit, Little Endian encoding scheme. It is used to encode Unicode characters as a sequence of 16-bit codes, each encoded as two 8-bit bytes with the least-significant byte first.

virtual printer: A print queue that does not produce physical printed output, and is not a fax printer, file printer, or service printer.

Web Services for Devices (WSD): A technology and associated API that expands on Microsoft's Web Services Dynamic Discovery Protocol [WS-Discovery] to allow a client to discover and access remote devices and associated services across a network. WSD supports device discovery, description, control, and eventing.

Web Services on Devices (WSD): A function-discovery protocol used to discover and communicate certain data structures in a HomeGroup network environment. Implementation details are specified in [DPWS].

well-known endpoint: A preassigned, network-specific, stable address for a particular client/server instance. For more information, see [C706].

white point: The color value used as the reference to which the user adapts.

Windows Event: A technology and associated API that is typically used for troubleshooting application and driver software on a computer. An event contains an identifier and associated data. Events are published by an event provider to an event channel for consumption, and the identifiers are unique to the event provider. For more information, see [MSDN-WINEV].

writability: The abstract feature capability representing the ability of a domain controller (DC) to accept modifications and issue originating updates, with respect to a given naming context (NC) replica.

WSDMON: The port monitor that supports printing to network printers that comply with WSD technology.

WS-Print: The schema for WSD printing. For more information, see [MSDN-WSPRINT].

XML Paper Specification (XPS): An XML-based document format. XML Paper Specification (XPS) specifies the set of conventions for the use of XML and other widely available technologies to describe the content and appearance of paginated documents. For more information, see [MSFT-XMLPAPER].

MAY, SHOULD, MUST, SHOULD NOT, MUST NOT: These terms (in all caps) are used as defined in [RFC2119]. All statements of optional behavior use either MAY, SHOULD, or SHOULD NOT.