Bluetooth RFCOMM

  • Artigo

Este tópico fornece uma visão geral do Bluetooth RFCOMM em aplicativos da Plataforma Universal do Windows (UWP), juntamente com o código de exemplo sobre como enviar ou receber um arquivo.

APIs importantes

Importante

Você deve declarar a funcionalidade "bluetooth" em Package.appxmanifest.

<Capabilities> <DeviceCapability Name="bluetooth" /> </Capabilities>

Visão geral

As APIs no namespace Windows.Devices.Bluetooth.Rfcomm se baseiam em padrões existentes para Windows.Devices, incluindo enumeração e instanciação. A leitura e gravação de dados foi projetada para aproveitar padrões de fluxo de dados estabelecidos e objetos no Windows.Storage.Streams . Os atributos Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) têm um valor e um tipo esperado. No entanto, alguns dispositivos comuns têm implementações com falha de atributos SDP em que o valor não é do tipo esperado. Além disso, muitos usos de RFCOMM não exigem atributos SDP adicionais. Por esses motivos, essa API oferece acesso aos dados SDP não preparados, dos quais os desenvolvedores podem obter as informações necessárias.

As APIs RFCOMM usam o conceito de identificadores de serviço. Embora um identificador de serviço seja simplesmente um GUID de 128 bits, ele também é normalmente especificado como um inteiro de 16 ou 32 bits. A API RFCOMM oferece um wrapper para identificadores de serviço que permite que eles sejam especificados e consumidos como GUIDs de 128 bits, bem como inteiros de 32 bits, mas não oferece inteiros de 16 bits. Isso não é um problema para a API porque os idiomas aumentarão automaticamente para um inteiro de 32 bits e o identificador ainda pode ser gerado corretamente.

Os aplicativos podem executar operações de dispositivo de várias etapas em uma tarefa em segundo plano para que possam ser executados até a conclusão mesmo que o aplicativo seja movido para o segundo plano e suspenso. Isso permite manutenção confiável do dispositivo, como alterações em configurações persistentes ou firmware, e sincronização de conteúdo, sem exigir que o usuário tenha que sentar e ficar assistindo a uma barra de progresso. Use DeviceServicingTrigger para manutenção de dispositivo e DeviceUseTrigger para sincronização de conteúdo. Observe que essas tarefas em segundo plano restringem a quantidade de tempo pela qual o aplicativo pode ser executado em segundo plano e não se destinam a permitir a operação indefinida ou a sincronização infinita.

Para obter um exemplo de código completo que detalha a operação RFCOMM, confira o Exemplo de chat Rfcomm Bluetooth no Github.

Enviar um arquivo como um cliente

Ao enviar um arquivo, o cenário mais básico é conectar-se a um dispositivo emparelhado com base em um serviço desejado. Isso envolve as seguintes etapas:

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Windows.Devices.Bluetooth.Rfcomm;
using Windows.Networking.Sockets;
using Windows.Storage.Streams;
using Windows.Devices.Bluetooth;

Windows.Devices.Bluetooth.Rfcomm.RfcommDeviceService _service;
Windows.Networking.Sockets.StreamSocket _socket;

async void Initialize()
{
    // Enumerate devices with the object push service
    var services =
        await Windows.Devices.Enumeration.DeviceInformation.FindAllAsync(
            RfcommDeviceService.GetDeviceSelector(
                RfcommServiceId.ObexObjectPush));

    if (services.Count > 0)
    {
        // Initialize the target Bluetooth BR device
        var service = await RfcommDeviceService.FromIdAsync(services[0].Id);

        bool isCompatibleVersion = await IsCompatibleVersionAsync(service);

        // Check that the service meets this App's minimum requirement
        if (SupportsProtection(service) && isCompatibleVersion)
        {
            _service = service;

            // Create a socket and connect to the target
            _socket = new StreamSocket();
            await _socket.ConnectAsync(
                _service.ConnectionHostName,
                _service.ConnectionServiceName,
                SocketProtectionLevel
                    .BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication);

            // The socket is connected. At this point the App can wait for
            // the user to take some action, for example, click a button to send a
            // file to the device, which could invoke the Picker and then
            // send the picked file. The transfer itself would use the
            // Sockets API and not the Rfcomm API, and so is omitted here for
            // brevity.
        }
    }
}

// This App requires a connection that is encrypted but does not care about
// whether it's authenticated.
bool SupportsProtection(RfcommDeviceService service)
{
    switch (service.ProtectionLevel)
    {
        case SocketProtectionLevel.PlainSocket:
            if ((service.MaxProtectionLevel == SocketProtectionLevel
                    .BluetoothEncryptionWithAuthentication)
                || (service.MaxProtectionLevel == SocketProtectionLevel
                    .BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication))
            {
                // The connection can be upgraded when opening the socket so the
                // App may offer UI here to notify the user that Windows may
                // prompt for a PIN exchange.
                return true;
            }
            else
            {
                // The connection cannot be upgraded so an App may offer UI here
                // to explain why a connection won't be made.
                return false;
            }
        case SocketProtectionLevel.BluetoothEncryptionWithAuthentication:
            return true;
        case SocketProtectionLevel.BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication:
            return true;
    }
    return false;
}

// This App relies on CRC32 checking available in version 2.0 of the service.
const uint SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID = 0x0300;
const byte SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE = 0x0A;   // UINT32
const uint MINIMUM_SERVICE_VERSION = 200;
async Task<bool> IsCompatibleVersionAsync(RfcommDeviceService service)
{
    var attributes = await service.GetSdpRawAttributesAsync(
        BluetoothCacheMode.Uncached);
    var attribute = attributes[SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID];
    var reader = DataReader.FromBuffer(attribute);

    // The first byte contains the attribute's type
    byte attributeType = reader.ReadByte();
    if (attributeType == SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE)
    {
        // The remainder is the data
        uint version = reader.ReadUInt32();
        return version >= MINIMUM_SERVICE_VERSION;
    }
    else return false;
}

...
#include <winrt/Windows.Devices.Bluetooth.Rfcomm.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Devices.Enumeration.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Networking.Sockets.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.Streams.h>
...
Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommDeviceService m_service{ nullptr };
Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamSocket m_socket;

Windows::Foundation::IAsyncAction Initialize()
{
    // Enumerate devices with the object push service.
    Windows::Devices::Enumeration::DeviceInformationCollection services{
        co_await Windows::Devices::Enumeration::DeviceInformation::FindAllAsync(
            Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommDeviceService::GetDeviceSelector(
                Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommServiceId::ObexObjectPush())) };

    if (services.Size() > 0)
    {
        // Initialize the target Bluetooth BR device.
        Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommDeviceService service{
            co_await Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommDeviceService::FromIdAsync(services.GetAt(0).Id()) };

        // Check that the service meets this App's minimum
        // requirement
        if (SupportsProtection(service)
            && co_await IsCompatibleVersion(service))
        {
            m_service = service;

            // Create a socket and connect to the target
            co_await m_socket.ConnectAsync(
                m_service.ConnectionHostName(),
                m_service.ConnectionServiceName(),
                Windows::Networking::Sockets::SocketProtectionLevel::BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication);

            // The socket is connected. At this point the App can
            // wait for the user to take some action, for example, click
            // a button to send a file to the device, which could
            // invoke the Picker and then send the picked file.
            // The transfer itself would use the Sockets API and
            // not the Rfcomm API, and so is omitted here for
            //brevity.
        }
    }
}

// This App requires a connection that is encrypted but does not care about
// whether it's authenticated.
bool SupportsProtection(Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommDeviceService const& service)
{
    switch (service.ProtectionLevel())
    {
    case Windows::Networking::Sockets::SocketProtectionLevel::PlainSocket:
        if ((service.MaxProtectionLevel() == Windows::Networking::Sockets::SocketProtectionLevel::BluetoothEncryptionWithAuthentication)
            || (service.MaxProtectionLevel() == Windows::Networking::Sockets::SocketProtectionLevel::BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication))
        {
            // The connection can be upgraded when opening the socket so the
            // App may offer UI here to notify the user that Windows may
            // prompt for a PIN exchange.
            return true;
        }
        else
        {
            // The connection cannot be upgraded so an App may offer UI here
            // to explain why a connection won't be made.
            return false;
        }
    case Windows::Networking::Sockets::SocketProtectionLevel::BluetoothEncryptionWithAuthentication:
        return true;
    case Windows::Networking::Sockets::SocketProtectionLevel::BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication:
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

// This application relies on CRC32 checking available in version 2.0 of the service.
const uint32_t SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID{ 0x0300 };
const byte SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE{ 0x0A }; // UINT32.
const uint32_t MINIMUM_SERVICE_VERSION{ 200 };

Windows::Foundation::IAsyncOperation<bool> IsCompatibleVersion(Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommDeviceService const& service)
{
    auto attributes{
        co_await service.GetSdpRawAttributesAsync(Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::BluetoothCacheMode::Uncached) };

    auto attribute{ attributes.Lookup(SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID) };
    auto reader{ Windows::Storage::Streams::DataReader::FromBuffer(attribute) };

    // The first byte contains the attribute's type.
    byte attributeType{ reader.ReadByte() };
    if (attributeType == SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE)
    {
        // The remainder is the data
        uint32_t version{ reader.ReadUInt32() };
        co_return (version >= MINIMUM_SERVICE_VERSION);
    }
}
...

Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommDeviceService^ _service;
Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamSocket^ _socket;

void Initialize()
{
    // Enumerate devices with the object push service
    create_task(
        Windows::Devices::Enumeration::DeviceInformation::FindAllAsync(
            RfcommDeviceService::GetDeviceSelector(
                RfcommServiceId::ObexObjectPush)))
    .then([](DeviceInformationCollection^ services)
    {
        if (services->Size > 0)
        {
            // Initialize the target Bluetooth BR device
            create_task(RfcommDeviceService::FromIdAsync(services[0]->Id))
            .then([](RfcommDeviceService^ service)
            {
                // Check that the service meets this App's minimum
                // requirement
                if (SupportsProtection(service)
                    && IsCompatibleVersion(service))
                {
                    _service = service;

                    // Create a socket and connect to the target
                    _socket = ref new StreamSocket();
                    create_task(_socket->ConnectAsync(
                        _service->ConnectionHostName,
                        _service->ConnectionServiceName,
                        SocketProtectionLevel
                            ::BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication)
                    .then([](void)
                    {
                        // The socket is connected. At this point the App can
                        // wait for the user to take some action, for example, click
                        // a button to send a file to the device, which could
                        // invoke the Picker and then send the picked file.
                        // The transfer itself would use the Sockets API and
                        // not the Rfcomm API, and so is omitted here for
                        //brevity.
                    });
                }
            });
        }
    });
}

// This App requires a connection that is encrypted but does not care about
// whether it's authenticated.
bool SupportsProtection(RfcommDeviceService^ service)
{
    switch (service->ProtectionLevel)
    {
    case SocketProtectionLevel->PlainSocket:
        if ((service->MaxProtectionLevel == SocketProtectionLevel
                ::BluetoothEncryptionWithAuthentication)
            || (service->MaxProtectionLevel == SocketProtectionLevel
                ::BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication))
        {
            // The connection can be upgraded when opening the socket so the
            // App may offer UI here to notify the user that Windows may
            // prompt for a PIN exchange.
            return true;
        }
        else
        {
            // The connection cannot be upgraded so an App may offer UI here
            // to explain why a connection won't be made.
            return false;
        }
    case SocketProtectionLevel::BluetoothEncryptionWithAuthentication:
        return true;
    case SocketProtectionLevel::BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication:
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

// This App relies on CRC32 checking available in version 2.0 of the service.
const uint SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID = 0x0300;
const byte SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE = 0x0A;   // UINT32
const uint MINIMUM_SERVICE_VERSION = 200;
bool IsCompatibleVersion(RfcommDeviceService^ service)
{
    auto attributes = await service->GetSdpRawAttributesAsync(
        BluetoothCacheMode::Uncached);
    auto attribute = attributes[SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID];
    auto reader = DataReader.FromBuffer(attribute);

    // The first byte contains the attribute's type
    byte attributeType = reader->ReadByte();
    if (attributeType == SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE)
    {
        // The remainder is the data
        uint version = reader->ReadUInt32();
        return version >= MINIMUM_SERVICE_VERSION;
    }
}

Receber arquivo como um servidor

Outro cenário comum de aplicativo RFCOMM é hospedar um serviço no computador e expô-lo para outros dispositivos.

  • Crie um RfcommServiceProvider para anunciar o serviço desejado.
  • Defina os atributos SDP conforme necessário (usando auxiliares de dados estabelecidos para gerar os dados do atributo) e comece a anunciar os registros SDP para outros dispositivos a serem recuperados.
  • Para se conectar a um dispositivo cliente, crie um ouvinte de soquete para começar a escutar solicitações de conexão de entrada.
  • Quando uma conexão for recebida, armazene o soquete conectado para processamento posterior.
  • Siga os padrões de fluxo de dados estabelecidos para ler partes de dados do InputStream do soquete e salvá-los em um arquivo.

Para persistir um serviço RFCOMM em segundo plano, use o RfcommConnectionTrigger. A tarefa em segundo plano é disparada na conexão com o serviço. O desenvolvedor recebe um identificador para o soquete na tarefa em segundo plano. A tarefa em segundo plano é de execução prolongada e persiste enquanto o soquete estiver em uso.

Windows.Devices.Bluetooth.Rfcomm.RfcommServiceProvider _provider;

async void Initialize()
{
    // Initialize the provider for the hosted RFCOMM service
    _provider =
        await Windows.Devices.Bluetooth.Rfcomm.RfcommServiceProvider.CreateAsync(
            RfcommServiceId.ObexObjectPush);

    // Create a listener for this service and start listening
    StreamSocketListener listener = new StreamSocketListener();
    listener.ConnectionReceived += OnConnectionReceivedAsync;
    await listener.BindServiceNameAsync(
        _provider.ServiceId.AsString(),
        SocketProtectionLevel
            .BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication);

    // Set the SDP attributes and start advertising
    InitializeServiceSdpAttributes(_provider);
    _provider.StartAdvertising(listener);
}

const uint SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID = 0x0300;
const byte SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE = 0x0A;   // UINT32
const uint SERVICE_VERSION = 200;

void InitializeServiceSdpAttributes(RfcommServiceProvider provider)
{
    Windows.Storage.Streams.DataWriter writer = new Windows.Storage.Streams.DataWriter();

    // First write the attribute type
    writer.WriteByte(SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE);
    // Then write the data
    writer.WriteUInt32(MINIMUM_SERVICE_VERSION);

    IBuffer data = writer.DetachBuffer();
    provider.SdpRawAttributes.Add(SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID, data);
}

void OnConnectionReceivedAsync(
    StreamSocketListener listener,
    StreamSocketListenerConnectionReceivedEventArgs args)
{
    // Stop advertising/listening so that we're only serving one client
    _provider.StopAdvertising();
    listener.Dispose();
    _socket = args.Socket;

    // The client socket is connected. At this point the App can wait for
    // the user to take some action, for example, click a button to receive a file
    // from the device, which could invoke the Picker and then save the
    // received file to the picked location. The transfer itself would use
    // the Sockets API and not the Rfcomm API, and so is omitted here for
    // brevity.
}

...
#include <winrt/Windows.Devices.Bluetooth.Rfcomm.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Networking.Sockets.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.Streams.h>
...
Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommServiceProvider m_provider{ nullptr };
Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamSocket m_socket;

Windows::Foundation::IAsyncAction Initialize()
{
    // Initialize the provider for the hosted RFCOMM service.
    auto provider{ co_await Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommServiceProvider::CreateAsync(
        Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommServiceId::ObexObjectPush()) };

    m_provider = provider;

    // Create a listener for this service and start listening.
    Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamSocketListener listener;
    listener.ConnectionReceived({ this, &MainPage::OnConnectionReceived });

    co_await listener.BindServiceNameAsync(m_provider.ServiceId().AsString(),
        Windows::Networking::Sockets::SocketProtectionLevel::BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication);

    // Set the SDP attributes and start advertising
    InitializeServiceSdpAttributes();
    m_provider.StartAdvertising(listener);
}

const uint32_t SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID{ 0x0300 };
const byte SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE{ 0x0A };   // UINT32.
const uint32_t SERVICE_VERSION{ 200 };

void InitializeServiceSdpAttributes()
{
    Windows::Storage::Streams::DataWriter writer;

    // First write the attribute type
    writer.WriteByte(SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE);
    // Then write the data
    writer.WriteUInt32(SERVICE_VERSION);

    auto data{ writer.DetachBuffer() };
    m_provider.SdpRawAttributes().Insert(SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID, data);
}

void OnConnectionReceived(
    Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamSocketListener const& listener,
    Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamSocketListenerConnectionReceivedEventArgs const& args)
{
    // Stop advertising/listening so that we're only serving one client
    m_provider.StopAdvertising();
    listener.Close();
    m_socket = args.Socket();

    // The client socket is connected. At this point the application can wait for
    // the user to take some action, for example, click a button to receive a
    // file from the device, which could invoke the Picker and then save
    // the received file to the picked location. The transfer itself
    // would use the Sockets API and not the Rfcomm API, and so is
    // omitted here for brevity.
}
...

Windows::Devices::Bluetooth::Rfcomm::RfcommServiceProvider^ _provider;
Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamSocket^ _socket;

void Initialize()
{
    // Initialize the provider for the hosted RFCOMM service
    create_task(Windows::Devices::Bluetooth.
        RfcommServiceProvider::CreateAsync(
            RfcommServiceId::ObexObjectPush))
    .then([](RfcommServiceProvider^ provider) -> task<void> {
        _provider = provider;

        // Create a listener for this service and start listening
        auto listener = ref new StreamSocketListener();
        listener->ConnectionReceived += ref new TypedEventHandler<
                StreamSocketListener^,
                StreamSocketListenerConnectionReceivedEventArgs^>
           (&OnConnectionReceived);
        return create_task(listener->BindServiceNameAsync(
            _provider->ServiceId->AsString(),
            SocketProtectionLevel
                ::BluetoothEncryptionAllowNullAuthentication));
    }).then([listener](void) {
        // Set the SDP attributes and start advertising
        InitializeServiceSdpAttributes(_provider);
        _provider->StartAdvertising(listener);
    });
}

const uint SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID = 0x0300;
const byte SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE = 0x0A;   // UINT32
const uint SERVICE_VERSION = 200;
void InitializeServiceSdpAttributes(RfcommServiceProvider^ provider)
{
    auto writer = ref new Windows::Storage::Streams::DataWriter();

    // First write the attribute type
    writer->WriteByte(SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE);
    // Then write the data
    writer->WriteUInt32(SERVICE_VERSION);

    auto data = writer->DetachBuffer();
    provider->SdpRawAttributes->Add(SERVICE_VERSION_ATTRIBUTE_ID, data);
}

void OnConnectionReceived(
    StreamSocketListener^ listener,
    StreamSocketListenerConnectionReceivedEventArgs^ args)
{
    // Stop advertising/listening so that we're only serving one client
    _provider->StopAdvertising();
    create_task(listener->Close())
    .then([args](void) {
        _socket = args->Socket;

        // The client socket is connected. At this point the App can wait for
        // the user to take some action, for example, click a button to receive a
        // file from the device, which could invoke the Picker and then save
        // the received file to the picked location. The transfer itself
        // would use the Sockets API and not the Rfcomm API, and so is
        // omitted here for brevity.
    });
}