在屬性和方法之間選擇

更新：2007 年 11 月

一般而言，方法表示動作，而屬性則表示資料。屬性的使用與欄位一樣，這表示屬性在運算方面來說不應該是複雜的，或不應該產生副作用。當它不違法下列方針時，請考慮使用屬性，而不要使用方法，因為屬性對於比較沒有經驗的開發人員比較容易使用。

如果成員表示型別的邏輯屬性，請考慮使用屬性。

例如，BorderStyle 是屬性 (Property)，因為框線的樣式是 ListView 的屬性 (Attribute)。

如果屬性的值儲存在處理序記憶體中，則要使用屬性，而不要使用方法，然後此屬性就會提供該值的存取。

下列程式碼範例將說明這個方針。EmployeeRecord 類別可定義兩個可為私用欄位提供存取的屬性。完整的範例將顯示在這個主題的結尾。

Public Class EmployeeRecord

    Private employeeIdValue as Integer
    Private departmentValue as Integer

    Public Sub New()
    End Sub

    Public Sub New (id as Integer, departmentId as Integer)
        EmployeeId = id
        Department = departmentId
    End Sub

    Public Property Department as Integer
        Get 
            Return departmentValue
        End Get
        Set 
            departmentValue = value
        End Set
    End Property

    Public Property EmployeeId as Integer
        Get 
            Return employeeIdValue
        End Get
        Set 
            employeeIdValue = value
        End Set
    End Property
    Public Function Clone() as EmployeeRecord
        Return new EmployeeRecord(employeeIdValue, departmentValue)
    End Function
End Class

public class EmployeeRecord
{
    private int employeeId;
    private int department;
    public EmployeeRecord()
    {
    }
    public  EmployeeRecord (int id, int departmentId)
    {
        EmployeeId = id;
        Department = departmentId;
    }
    public int Department
    {
        get {return department;}
        set {department = value;}
    }
    public int EmployeeId
    {
        get {return employeeId;}
        set {employeeId = value;}
    }
    public EmployeeRecord Clone()
    {
        return new EmployeeRecord(employeeId, department);
    }
}

在下列情況下一定要使用方法，而不要使用屬性。

• 這項作業是比欄位集原本還要慢的範圍排序。如果您甚至考慮提供非同步版本的作業來避免執行緒的封鎖，則這個作業很有可能需要過多的成本來成為屬性。特別是，存取網路或檔案系統的作業 (初始化的一次作業除外) 應該最有可能是方法，而不是屬性。

• 此作業為轉換時，例如 Object.ToString method。

• 此作業每次在呼叫時都會傳回不同的結果，即使參數未變更也是如此。例如，NewGuid 方法在每次呼叫時，都會傳回不同的值。

• 此作業有一個非常明顯且可觀察到的副作用。請注意，填入內部快取通常不會被視為可觀察到的副作用。

• 此作業會傳回內部狀態的複本 (這不包含堆疊上傳回的實值型別物件的複本)。

• 此作業會傳回陣列。

當作業為了保留內部陣列而傳回陣列時，請使用方法，您將必須傳回此陣列的深層複本，而不是屬性所使用之陣列的參考。這項事實與開發人員將屬性當做欄位般使用的事實結合一起之後，可能會產生極無效率的程式碼。下列程式碼範例中將說明這個情況，其中將會傳回使用屬性的陣列。完整的範例將顯示在這個主題的結尾。

Public Class EmployeeData

    Dim data as EmployeeRecord()
    Public Sub New(data as EmployeeRecord())
        Me.data = data
    End Sub
    Public ReadOnly Property Employees as EmployeeRecord()
        Get
            Dim newData as EmployeeRecord() = CopyEmployeeRecords()
            Return newData
        End Get
    End Property

    Private Function CopyEmployeeRecords() as EmployeeRecord()
        Dim newData(UBound(data)) as EmployeeRecord
        For i as Integer = 0 To UBound(data)
            newData(i) = data(i).Clone()
        Next i
        Console.WriteLine ("EmployeeData: cloned employee data.")
        Return newData
    End Function
End Class

public class EmployeeData
{
    EmployeeRecord[] data;
    public EmployeeData(EmployeeRecord[] data)
    {
        this.data = data;
    }
    public EmployeeRecord[] Employees
    {
        get 
        {
            EmployeeRecord[] newData = CopyEmployeeRecords();
            return newData;
        }
    }
    EmployeeRecord[] CopyEmployeeRecords()
    {
        EmployeeRecord[] newData = new EmployeeRecord[data.Length];
        for(int i = 0; i< data.Length; i++)
        {
            newData[i] = data[i].Clone();
        }
        Console.WriteLine ("EmployeeData: cloned employee data.");
        return newData;
    }
}

使用這個類別的開發人員假設屬性不會比欄位存取需要更多成本，並會根據下列程式碼範例中顯示的假設來編寫應用程式的程式碼。

Public Class RecordChecker
    Public Shared Function  FindEmployees( _
         dataSource as EmployeeData, _
         department as Integer) as Collection(Of Integer)

        Dim storage as Collection(Of Integer) = new Collection(Of Integer)()
        Console.WriteLine("Record checker: beginning search.")
        For i as Integer = 0 To UBound(dataSource.Employees)
            If dataSource.Employees(i).Department = department
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: found match at {0}.", i)
                storage.Add(dataSource.Employees(i).EmployeeId)
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: stored match at {0}.", i)
            Else 
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: no match at {0}.", i)
            End If
        Next i
        Return storage
    End Function
End Class

public class RecordChecker
{
    public static Collection<int> FindEmployees(EmployeeData dataSource, 
             int department)
    {
        Collection<int> storage = new Collection<int>();
        Console.WriteLine("Record checker: beginning search.");
        for (int i = 0; i < dataSource.Employees.Length; i++)
        {
            if (dataSource.Employees[i].Department == department)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: found match at {0}.", i);
                storage.Add(dataSource.Employees[i].EmployeeId);
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: stored match at {0}.", i);
            }
            else 
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: no match at {0}.", i);
            }
        }
        return storage;
    }
}

請注意，會在每一個迴圈反覆運算中存取 Employees 屬性，也會在部門相符時存取它。每當存取此屬性時，會建立員工陣列的複本、簡短地使用它，然後要求記憶體回收。將 Employees 實作為方法之後，表示您向開發人員指示，這個動作要比存取欄位需要更多運算的成本。開發人員很有可能呼叫方法一次，並快取此方法呼叫的結果來執行處理作業。

範例

下列程式碼範例將示範完整的應用程式，此應用程式假設屬性存取不會花費太多的運算成本。EmployeeData 類別錯誤地定義一個傳回陣列複本的屬性。

Imports System
Imports System.Collections.ObjectModel

Namespace Examples.DesignGuidelines.Properties
    Public Class EmployeeRecord

        Private employeeIdValue as Integer
        Private departmentValue as Integer

        Public Sub New()
        End Sub

        Public Sub New (id as Integer, departmentId as Integer)
            EmployeeId = id
            Department = departmentId
        End Sub

        Public Property Department as Integer
            Get 
                Return departmentValue
            End Get
            Set 
                departmentValue = value
            End Set
        End Property

        Public Property EmployeeId as Integer
            Get 
                Return employeeIdValue
            End Get
            Set 
                employeeIdValue = value
            End Set
        End Property
        Public Function Clone() as EmployeeRecord
            Return new EmployeeRecord(employeeIdValue, departmentValue)
        End Function
    End Class

Public Class EmployeeData

    Dim data as EmployeeRecord()
    Public Sub New(data as EmployeeRecord())
        Me.data = data
    End Sub
    Public ReadOnly Property Employees as EmployeeRecord()
        Get
            Dim newData as EmployeeRecord() = CopyEmployeeRecords()
            Return newData
        End Get
    End Property

    Private Function CopyEmployeeRecords() as EmployeeRecord()
        Dim newData(UBound(data)) as EmployeeRecord
        For i as Integer = 0 To UBound(data)
            newData(i) = data(i).Clone()
        Next i
        Console.WriteLine ("EmployeeData: cloned employee data.")
        Return newData
    End Function
End Class

Public Class RecordChecker
    Public Shared Function  FindEmployees( _
         dataSource as EmployeeData, _
         department as Integer) as Collection(Of Integer)

        Dim storage as Collection(Of Integer) = new Collection(Of Integer)()
        Console.WriteLine("Record checker: beginning search.")
        For i as Integer = 0 To UBound(dataSource.Employees)
            If dataSource.Employees(i).Department = department
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: found match at {0}.", i)
                storage.Add(dataSource.Employees(i).EmployeeId)
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: stored match at {0}.", i)
            Else 
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: no match at {0}.", i)
            End If
        Next i
        Return storage
    End Function
End Class
    Public Class Tester
        Public Shared Sub Main()
            Dim records(2) as EmployeeRecord
            Dim r0 as EmployeeRecord = new EmployeeRecord()
            r0.EmployeeId = 1
            r0.Department = 100
            records(0) = r0
            Dim r1 as EmployeeRecord = new EmployeeRecord()
            r1.EmployeeId = 2
            r1.Department = 100
            records(1) = r1
            Dim r2 as EmployeeRecord = new EmployeeRecord()
            r2.EmployeeId = 3
            r2.Department = 101
            records(2) = r2
            Dim empData as EmployeeData = new EmployeeData(records)
            Dim hits as Collection(Of Integer)= _ 
                RecordChecker.FindEmployees(empData, 100)
            For Each i as Integer In hits
                Console.WriteLine("found employee {0}", i)
            Next i
        End Sub
    End Class
End Namespace

using System;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
namespace Examples.DesignGuidelines.Properties
{
    public class EmployeeRecord
    {
        private int employeeId;
        private int department;
        public EmployeeRecord()
        {
        }
        public  EmployeeRecord (int id, int departmentId)
        {
            EmployeeId = id;
            Department = departmentId;
        }
        public int Department
        {
            get {return department;}
            set {department = value;}
        }
        public int EmployeeId
        {
            get {return employeeId;}
            set {employeeId = value;}
        }
        public EmployeeRecord Clone()
        {
            return new EmployeeRecord(employeeId, department);
        }
    }

public class EmployeeData
{
    EmployeeRecord[] data;
    public EmployeeData(EmployeeRecord[] data)
    {
        this.data = data;
    }
    public EmployeeRecord[] Employees
    {
        get 
        {
            EmployeeRecord[] newData = CopyEmployeeRecords();
            return newData;
        }
    }
    EmployeeRecord[] CopyEmployeeRecords()
    {
        EmployeeRecord[] newData = new EmployeeRecord[data.Length];
        for(int i = 0; i< data.Length; i++)
        {
            newData[i] = data[i].Clone();
        }
        Console.WriteLine ("EmployeeData: cloned employee data.");
        return newData;
    }
}

public class RecordChecker
{
    public static Collection<int> FindEmployees(EmployeeData dataSource, 
             int department)
    {
        Collection<int> storage = new Collection<int>();
        Console.WriteLine("Record checker: beginning search.");
        for (int i = 0; i < dataSource.Employees.Length; i++)
        {
            if (dataSource.Employees[i].Department == department)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: found match at {0}.", i);
                storage.Add(dataSource.Employees[i].EmployeeId);
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: stored match at {0}.", i);
            }
            else 
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Record checker: no match at {0}.", i);
            }
        }
        return storage;
    }
}
    public class Tester
    {
        public static void Main()
        {
            EmployeeRecord[] records  = new EmployeeRecord[3];
            EmployeeRecord r0  = new EmployeeRecord();
            r0.EmployeeId = 1;
            r0.Department = 100;
            records[0] = r0;
            EmployeeRecord r1  = new EmployeeRecord();
            r1.EmployeeId = 2;
            r1.Department = 100;
            records[1] = r1;
            EmployeeRecord r2  = new EmployeeRecord();
            r2.EmployeeId = 3;
            r2.Department = 101;
            records[2] = r2;
            EmployeeData empData = new EmployeeData(records);
            Collection<int> hits = RecordChecker.FindEmployees(empData, 100);
            foreach (int i in hits)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("found employee {0}", i);
            }
        }
    }
}

Portions Copyright 2005 Microsoft Corporation.All rights reserved.

Portions Copyright Addison-Wesley Corporation.All rights reserved.

如需設計方針的詳細資訊，請參閱由 Krzysztof Cwalina 和 Brad Abrams 所著，並由 Addison-Wesley 於 2005 年發行的「Framework 設計方針：可重複使用之 .NET 程式庫的慣例、慣用語法和模式」一書。

請參閱

概念

屬性設計

其他資源

成員設計方針

開發類別庫的設計方針