Hello Crystal,
Thanks for the response.
Yesterday, after I typed out this entire post and shut down my main computer to prepare to go home, I had one more look at the test laptop.
I refreshed once, nothing, then refreshed again, and there they were.
So all in all, 4 hours just wasn't enough to get them to become available on the device.
This is 4 hours after confirming Hybrid Azure AD Join.
It took a total of 4 hours and 15 minutes to see them on the test device.
Again, thanks for the long and detailed answer.
I'll be more patient in the future :)
Kind regards,
Milan