Summarize from the comments for other communities reference.
The issue was caused by "app protection".
To solve it, just move to https and it can work fine.
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Hey there,
I have a trouble where I can't connect myself from a "user" computer to my intranet SharePoint.
So I've created a web application from "admin" computer A, that host my SP2016 Vms. I have no trouble to create a Web app, and can even create and connect to a site collection.
However, when I switch to a "user" computer B, I cannot connect to the Web app, despite using any login.
So I've checked my authentification on the IIS, and noticed that Anonynous Auth, ASP .NET impersonation, Form auth and Windows auth were enabled. Which is quite weird, since I didn't check the Form or Anonymous cases (and they aren't checked in my web app option panel via SP2016). So I disabled both of them, but I still get a error 401 from Firefox on computer B.
Please note that there's no proxy or firewall between my 2 computer, but there're not on the same VLAN. My domain is hosted on another computer C, computer A only host SP2016 and MSSQL. My web app is the "default" one on port 80, same for the authentification parameters (NTLM, but Kerebos doesn't work also)
Summarize from the comments for other communities reference.
The issue was caused by "app protection".
To solve it, just move to https and it can work fine.