Manage a Helm release
How to use functions in a Helm template
The Helm template language defines functions that you use to transform values from the values.yaml file. The syntax for a function follows the {{ functionName arg1 arg2 ... }} structure. Let's look at the quote function as an example to see this syntax in use.
The quote function wraps a value in quotations marks to indicate the use of a string. Let's say you define the following values.yaml file:
apiVersion: v2
name: webapp
description: A Helm chart for Kubernetes
ingress:
enabled: true
You decide you want to use the ingress.enabled value as a boolean when determining if an ingress manifest should be generated. To use the enabled value as a boolean, you reference the value using {{ .Values.ingress.enabled }}.
Later, you decide to display the field as a string in the templates/Notes.txt file. Because YAML type-coercion rules can lead to hard-to-find bugs in templates, you decide to follow guidance and be explicit when including strings in your templates. For example, enabled: false doesn't equal enabled: "false".
To display the value as a string, you use {{ quote .Values.ingress.enabled }} to reference the boolean value as a string.
How to use pipelines in a Helm template
You use pipelines when more than one function needs to act on a value. A pipeline allows you to send a value, or the result of a function, to another function. For example, you can rewrite the above quote function as {{ .Values.ingress.enabled | quote }}. Notice how the | indicates that the value is sent to the quote function.
Here's another example. Let's say you want to convert a value to uppercase and wrap it in quotes. You can write the statement as {{ .Values.ingress.enabled | upper | quote }}. Notice how the value is processed by the upper function and then the quote function.
The template language includes over 60 functions that allow you to expose, look up, and transform values and objects in templates.
How to use conditional flow control in a Helm template
Conditional flow control allows you to decide the structure or data included in the generated manifest file. For example, you might want to include different values based on the deployment target or control if a manifest file is generated.
The if / else block is such a control flow structure and conforms to the following layout:
{{ if | pipeline | }}
# Do something
{{ else if | other pipeline | }}
# Do something else
{{ else }}
# Default case
{{ end }}
Let's say you decide that the ingress manifest file for a chart is only created in specific cases. The following example shows how to accomplish that using an if statement:
{{ if .Values.ingress.enabled }}
apiVersion: extensions/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: ...
labels:
...
annotations:
...
spec:
rules:
...
{{ end }}
Remember that you can use placeholders to populate metadata in the template. Template files are parsed and evaluated sequentially by the template language from top to bottom. In the previous example, the template engine only generates the manifest file's contents if the .Values.ingress.enabled value is true.
When the template engine processes the statement, it removes the content declared inside the {{ }} syntax and leaves the remaining whitespace. This syntax causes the template engine to include a newline for the if statement line. If you leave the preceding file's contents as-is, you'll notice empty lines in your YAML, and the ingress manifest file is generated.
YAML gives meaning to whitespace. That's why tabs, spaces, and newline characters are considered important. To fix the problem of unwanted whitespace, you can rewrite the file as follows:
{{- if .Values.ingress.enabled -}}
apiVersion: extensions/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: ...
labels:
...
annotations:
...
spec:
rules:
...
{{- end }}
Notice the use of the - character as part of the start {{- and the end -}} sequence of the statement. The - character instructs the parser to remove whitespace characters. {{- removes whitespace at the start of a line and -}} at the end of a line, including the newline character.
How to iterate through a collection of values in a Helm template
YAML allows you to define collections of items and use individual items as values in your templates. Accessing items in a collection is possible using an indexer. However, the Helm template language supports the iteration of a collection of values using the range operator.
Let's say you define a list of values in your values.yaml file to indicate additional ingress hosts. Here's an example of the values:
ingress:
enabled: true
extraHosts:
- name: host1.local
path: /
- name: host2.local
path: /
- name: host3.local
path: /
You use the range operator to allow the template engine to iterate through the .Values.ingress.extraHosts. The following code snippet shows a condensed example using the range operator:
{{- if .Values.ingress.enabled -}}
apiVersion: extensions/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
...
spec:
rules:
...
{{- range .Values.ingress.extraHosts }}
- host: {{ .name }}
http:
paths:
- path: {{ .path }}
...
{{- end }}
...
{{- end }}
How to control the scope of values in a Helm template
When you have values defined several layers deep, your syntax can become lengthy and cumbersome when including these values in a template. The with action allows you to limit the scope of variables in a template.
Remember that the . used in a Helm template references the current scope. For example, the .Values instructs the template engine to find the Values object in the current scope. Let's say you're using the values.yaml file from earlier to create a configuration map manifest file:
ingress:
enabled: true
extraHosts:
- name: host1.local
path: /
- name: host2.local
path: /
- name: host3.local
path: /
Instead of accessing each item's path value using {{ .Values.ingress.extraHosts.path }}, you can use the with action. The following code snippet shows an example using the range operator to generate a configuration map manifest file:
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: {{ .Release.Name }}-configmap
data:
{{- with .Values.ingress.extraHosts }}
hostname: {{ .name }}
path: {{ .path }}
{{ end }}
The {{- with .Values.ingress.extraHosts }} limits the scope of values to the .Values.ingress.extraHosts array.
The with action restricts scope. You can't access other objects from the parent scope. Let's say you also want to access the {{ .Release.Name }} of the chart in the with code block. To access parent objects, you need to indicate the root scope by using the $ character or rewrite your code. Here's the updated code to show how to include parent objects using the $ character:
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: {{ .Release.Name }}-configmap
data:
{{- with .Values.ingress.extraHosts }}
hostname: {{ .name }}
path: {{ .path }}
release: {{ $.Release.Name}}
{{ end }}
Note
There are several constructs available in the Helm template language to control flow. This module's summary unit includes a section with links to the Helm documentation to learn more.
How to Helm define chart dependencies
A chart allows for the declaration of dependencies to support the main application and forms part of the installed release.
You can either create a subchart using the helm create command, specifying the new chart's location in the /charts folder, or use the helm dependency command. Remember that the /charts folder might contain subcharts deployed as part of the main chart's release.
The helm dependency command allows you to manage dependencies included from a Helm repository. The command uses metadata defined in the dependencies section of your chart's values file. You specify the name, version number, and the repository from where to install the subchart. Here's an extract of a values.yaml file that has a MongoDB chart listed as a dependency:
apiVersion: v2
name: my-app
description: A Helm chart for Kubernetes
...
dependencies:
- name: mongodb
version: 10.27.2
repository: https://marketplace.azurecr.io/helm/v1/repo
Once the dependency metadata is defined, you run the helm dependency build command to fetch the tar packaged chart. The chart build command downloads the chart into the charts/ folder.
helm dependency build ./app-chart
Subcharts are managed separately from the main chart and might need updates as new releases become available. The command to update subcharts is helm dependency update. This command fetches new versions of the subchart while deleting outdated packages.
helm dependency update ./app-chart
Keep in mind that a chart dependency isn't limited to other applications. You may decide to reuse template logic across your charts and create a dependency specifically to manage this logic as a chart dependency. You'll get an example of this strategy in the next exercise.
How to upgrade a Helm release
Helm allows upgrading existing releases as a delta of all the changes that apply to the chart and its dependencies.
For example, let's say the development team of the example webapp in this unit makes code changes that impact only the website's functionality. The team makes the following updates to the Chart.yaml file to reflect the new version of the application:
- Updates the web app's container image and tags the image as
webapp: linux-v2when pushing the image to the container registry. - Updates the
dockerTagvalue tolinux-v2and the chart version value to0.2.0in the chart's values file.
Here's an example of the updated values.yaml file:
apiVersion: v2
name: my-app
description: A Helm chart for Kubernetes
type: application
version: 0.2.0
appVersion: 1.0.0
registry: "my-acr-registry.azurecr.io"
dockerTag: "linux-v2"
pullPolicy: "Always"
Instead of uninstalling a current release, you use the helm upgrade command to upgrade the existing Helm release.
helm upgrade my-app ./app-chart
Remember that Helm generates a delta of the changes made to the Helm chart when you upgrade a release. As such, a Helm upgrade only upgrades the components identified in the delta. In the example, only the website is redeployed.
Once the upgrade completes, you can review the deployment history of the release using the helm history command with the release name.
helm history my-app
The history command returns several fields that describe the release, as shown in the following example output:
REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION DESCRIPTION
1 Mon Oct 11 17:25:33 2021 deployed aspnet-core-1.3.18 3.1.19 Install complete
Notice the revision field in the result. Helm tracks release information of all releases done for a Helm chart. When you install a new version of a Helm chart, the revision count increases by one, and the new release information is matched to that revision.
Here's an example of the same history command run following a new version install of the web app:
REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION DESCRIPTION
1 Mon Oct 11 17:25:33 2021 superseded aspnet-core-1.3.18 3.1.19 Install complete
2 Mon Oct 11 17:35:13 2021 deployed aspnet-core-1.3.18 3.1.19 Upgrade complete
How to roll back a Helm release
Helm allows the rollback of an existing Helm release to a previously installed release. Recall from earlier that Helm tracks release information of all releases of a Helm chart.
You use the helm rollback command to roll back to a specific Helm release revision. This command uses two parameters. The first parameter identifies the name of the release, and the second identifies the release revision number.
helm rollback my-app 2
The helm rollback command rolls back the release version of the app to the specified revision and update the app release history. A follow-on run of the helm history command shows the latest active revision number as the latest release entry.
For example, let's say the development team of the example webapp in this unit discovers a bug in the drone-tracking web application and needs to roll back to a previous release. Instead of uninstalling the current release and install a previous version, they roll back to the working release.
helm rollback my-app 1
Once a rollback completes, you can review the deployment history using the helm history command.
REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION DESCRIPTION
1 Mon Oct 11 17:25:33 2021 superseded aspnet-core-1.3.18 3.1.19 Install complete
2 Mon Oct 11 17:35:13 2021 superseded aspnet-core-1.3.18 3.1.19 Rolled back to 1
3 Mon Oct 11 17:38:13 2021 deployed aspnet-core-1.3.18 3.1.19 Upgrade complete
Notice how the description field shows the rollback's revision number to make it easier for you to track changes.