Found it. Update fixed the issue.
With our SharePoint / ProjectServer we needed to change alternate access mappings in central administration.
The app proxy url (the public one) was set to extranet. This worked before but now we got "something went wrong"
We removed the mapping and re-created it but set the zone to Internet instead of Extranet.
ULS LOG:
DelegateControl: Exception thrown while building custom control 'Microsoft.SharePoint.SPControlElement': Microsoft.SharePoint.WebPartPages.WebPartPageUserException: This page has encountered a critical error. Contact your system administrator if this problem persists.
at Microsoft.SharePoint.ApplicationRuntime.SafeControls.IsSafeControl(Boolean isAppWeb, String virtualPath)
at Microsoft.SharePoint.SPControlElement.ValidControlAttributes(String sControlAssembly, String sControlClass, String sControlSrc, SPWeb web)
at Microsoft.SharePoint.SPControlElement.BuildCustomControl(TemplateControl tctlPage, SPWeb web, String sControlAssembly, String sControlClass, String sControlSrc, XmlNode xnElementDefinition, SPFeatureDefinition featdefElement, String sElementId)
at Microsoft.SharePoint.SPControlElement.BuildCustomControl(TemplateControl tctlPage, SPWeb web)
at Microsoft.SharePoint.WebControls.DelegateControl.BuildCustomControlResilient(SPControlElement ctlelemDefinition, SPWeb web)