- access control
- The mechanisms for limiting access to resources based on users identities and their membership in various predefined groups. Access control is used typically to control user access to network resources such as servers, directories, and files.
- access control list (ACL)
- A list that indicates which users or groups have permission to access or modify a particular file; the Windows discretionary access control list (DACL) and system access control list (SACL) are examples of access control lists.
- ACL
- Seeaccess control list.
- Active Directory Service Interfaces (ADSI)
- A COM-based directory service model that allows ADSI-compliant client applications to access a wide variety of distinct directory protocols, including Windows Directory Services and Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), while using a single, standard set of interfaces. ADSI shields the client application from the implementation and operational details of the underlying data store or protocol.
- Active Group, The
- A standards organization, under the auspices of The Open Group, which is an open, customer-driven steering committee responsible for the ongoing development and management of ActiveX technologies and licensing.
- active script
- A script that can be implemented in various languages, persistent formats, and so on, that can interact with other ActiveX Controls.
- active scripting
- A Microsoft technology that uses COM to run third-party scripts in Microsoft Internet Explorer without regard to language and other elements of implementation. See also Active Server Pages; Automation; Component Object Model component; script; scripting engine.
- Active Server Pages (ASP)
- A server-side scripting environment that can be used to create dynamic Web pages or build Web applications. ASP pages are files that contain HTML tags, text, and script commands. ASP pages can call Component Object Model (COM) components to perform tasks, such as connecting to a database or performing a business calculation. With ASP, the user can add interactive content to Web pages or build entire Web applications that use HTML pages as the interface to your customers.
- ActiveX
- An umbrella term for Microsoft technologies that enable developers to create interactive content for the World Wide Web. A set of languageindependent interoperability technologies that enable software components written in different languages to work together in networked environments. The core technology elements of ActiveX are the Component Object Model (COM) and distributed COM. These technologies are licensed to The Open Group standards organization, and are being implemented on multiple platforms. See alsoComponent Object Model; Common Gateway Interface; distributed COM; Java.
- ActiveX Controls
- Reusable software components that incorporate ActiveX technology. These components can be used to add specialized functionality, such as animation or pop-up menus, to Web pages, desktop applications, and software development tools. ActiveX Controls can be written in a variety of programming languages including C, C++, Visual Basic, and Java.
- ActiveX Data Objects (ADO)
- A high-level data access programming interface to an underlying data access technology (such as OLE DB), implemented by using the Component Object Model (COM).
- activity
- A collection of COM objects that has a single distributed logical thread of execution. Every COM object belongs to one activity.
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
- A TCP/IP protocol for determining the hardware address (or physical address) of a node on a local area network connected to the Internet, when only the IP address (or logical address) is known. An ARP request is sent to the network, and the node that has the IP address responds with its hardware address. Although ARP technically refers only to finding the hardware address, and Reverse ARP (RARP) refers to the reverse procedure, the acronym ARP is commonly used to describe both. ARP is limited to physical network systems that support broadcast packets. It is defined in RFC 826. See also Reverse Address Resolution Protocol; Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
- ADO
- SeeActiveX Data Objects.
- ADSI
- SeeActive Directory Service Interfaces.
- ADSI Provider
- An application that makes itself available to ADSI client applications by providing an ADSI implementation.
- agent
- In client/server applications, a process that mediates between the client and the server. In Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), agent information consists of comments about the user, the physical location of the computer, and the types of service to report based on the computers configuration. See also catalog agent.
- aggregation
- A composition technique for implementing component objects whereby a new object can be built by using one or more existing objects that support some or all of the new objects required interfaces.
- alias
- A name that maps part of a URL to a physical directory on the server. In general, an easily remembered name used in place of an IP address, directory path, or other identifier; also called a friendly name. See also host name; virtual directory; virtual server.
- American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- A voluntary, nonprofit organization of U.S. business and industry groups formed in 1918 for the development of trade and communication standards. It provides area charters for groups that establish standards in specific fields, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ANSI is the American representative of the International Standards Organization and has developed recommendations for the use of programming languages including FORTRAN, C, and COBOL. Standards approved by ANSI are often called ANSI standards (for example, ANSI C is the version of the C language approved by ANSI). See also ASCII; ASCII character set; ASCII file.
- American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
- A coding scheme using 7 or 8 bits that assigns numeric values up to 256 characters, including letters, numerals, punctuation marks, control characters, and other symbols. ASCII was developed in 1968 to standardize data transmission among disparate hardware and software systems and is built into most minicomputers and all personal computers.
- annotation file
- For the FTP service, a summary of the information in a given directory. This summary appears automatically to browsers.
- Anonymous File Transfer Protocol (anonymous FTP)
- Makes it possible for a user to retrieve documents, files, programs, and other archived data from anywhere on the Internet without having to establish a logon name and password.
- anonymous-only logons
- Allows remote access by the IUSR_computername account. Remote users can connect to that computer without a user name or password, and they have only the permissions assigned to that account. Anonymous access is typically used for Internet sites.
- ANSI
- SeeAmerican National Standards Institute.
- Apartment model multithreading
- The Component Object Model (COM) supports a form of multithreading called the Apartment model. The apartment is essentially a way of describing a thread with a message queue that supports COM objects. Apartment model multithreading enables multiple application threadsone for each apartmentto be managed by COM.
- Apartment thread
- A thread used to execute calls to objects of components configured as Apartment threaded. Each object lives in an apartment (thread) for the life of the object. All calls to that object execute on the Apartment thread.
- API
- Seeapplication programming interface.
- application
- A computer program, such as a word processor or electronic spreadsheet; or a group of Active Server Pages (ASP) scripts and components that perform such tasks.
- application programming interface (API)
- A set of routines that an application uses to request and carry out lower-level services performed by a computers operating system. Also, a set of calling conventions in programming that define how a service is invoked through the application.
- application root
- The root directory for an application; all directories and files contained within the application root are considered part of the application. Also called an application startingpoint directory.
- application scope
- A way of making data available to all users of an application from all pages of a Web application. A variable or an object instance is given application scope by storing it in the Active Server Pages (ASP) application object. Application scope is useful for global data, such as a global counter.
- argument
- A constant, variable, or expression passed to a procedure.
- ARP
- SeeAddress Resolution Protocol.
- array
- A list of data values, all of the same type, any element of which can be referenced by an expression consisting of the array name followed by an indexing expression. Arrays are part of the fundamentals of data structures, which, in turn, are a major fundamental of computer programming.
- ascii
- In an FTP client program, the command that instructs the FTP server to send or receive files as ASCII text. See also ASCII.
- ASCII
- SeeAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange.
- ASCII character set
- A standard 7-bit code for representing ASCII characters by using binary values; code values range from 0 to 127. Most PC-based systems use an 8-bit extended ASCII code, with an extra 128 characters used to represent special symbols, non-English language characters, and graphic symbols.
- ASCII file
- Also called a text file, a text-only file, or an ASCII text file. An ASCII file contains characters, spaces, punctuation, carriage returns, and sometimes tabs and an end-of-file marker, but it contains no other formatting information.
- ASP
- SeeActive Server Pages.
- ASP buffering
- Functionality of ASP that temporarily stores all output generated by a script until script execution is complete, then sends it to a client.
- associating
- Seefile name extension mapping.
- asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
- A network technology capable of transmitting data, voice, video, and frame relay traffic in real time. Data, including frame relay data, is broken into packets containing 53 bytes each, which are switched between any two nodes in the system at rates ranging from 1.5 to 622 Mbps. ATM is defined in the broadband ISDN protocol at the levels corresponding to levels 1 and 2 of the ISO/OSI model. It is currently used in local area networks involving workstations and personal computers. See also Integrated Services Digital Network; International Organization for Standardization Open Systems Interconnection model.
- asynchronous transmission
- In modem communication, a form of data transmission in which data is sent intermittently, one character at a time, rather than in a steady stream with characters separated by fixed time intervals. Each transmitted character consists of a number of data bits (the character itself) preceded by a begin character signal called the start bit, and ending in an optional parity bit followed by 1, 1.5, or 2 end character signals, called stop bits.
- ATM
- SeeAsynchronous Transfer Mode.
- atomicity
- A feature of a transaction considered or guaranteed to be indivisible. Either the transaction is uninterrupted, or, if it fails, a mechanism is provided that ensures the return of the system to its state prior to initiation of the transaction.
- attributes
- In a database record, the name or structure of a field. The size of a field or the type of information it contains would also be attributes of a database record. In markup languages such as Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and HTML, a name-value pair within a tagged element that modifies certain features of that element.
- auditing
- The process an operating system uses to detect and record securityrelated events, such as an attempt to create, access, or delete objects such as files and directories. The records of such events are stored in a file known as a security log, whose contents are available only to those with the proper clearance. See also security log.
- authentication
- The process by which the system validates a users logon information. A users name and password are compared against an authorized list, and if the system detects a match, access is granted to the extent specified in the permission list for the user.
- authentication certificate
- Seecertificate, digital.
- authorization
- In relation to computers, especially to remote computers on a network open to more than one person, the right granted to an individual to use the system and the data stored on it. Authorization is typically set up by a system administrator, Web master, or site owner and checked and cleared by the computer. This requires that the user provide some type of identification, such as a code number or a password, that the computer can verify against its internal records. Also called permission or privilege.
- automatic directory listing
- Providing a directory listing by default when a URL without a file name is received; also called directory browsing.
- Automation
- A COM-based technology that enables dynamic binding to COM objects at run time. Automation was previously called OLE Automation and ActiveX Automation.
- Automation object
- An object that is exposed to other applications or programming tools through Automation interfaces.
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