Utilisation de la variance dans les interfaces pour les collections génériques (C# et Visual Basic)

Une interface covariante autorise ses méthodes à retourner des types plus dérivés que ceux spécifiés dans l'interface. Une interface contravariante autorise ses méthodes à accepter des paramètres de types moins dérivés que ceux spécifiés dans l'interface.

Dans .NET Framework 4, plusieurs interfaces existantes deviennent covariantes et contravariantes. Il s'agit notamment de IEnumerable<T> et IComparable<T>. Cela vous permet de réutiliser des méthodes qui fonctionnent avec les collections génériques de types de base pour les collections de types dérivés.

Pour obtenir une liste des variantes dans le .NET Framework, consultez Variance dans les interfaces génériques (C# et Visual Basic).

Conversion de collections génériques

L'exemple suivant illustre les avantages de la prise en charge de la covariance dans l'interface IEnumerable<T>. La méthode PrintFullName accepte une collection de type IEnumerable<Person> (IEnumerable(Of Person) en Visual Basic) comme paramètre. Toutefois, vous pouvez la réutiliser pour une collection du type IEnumerable<Employee> (IEnumerable(Of Person) en Visual Basic) car Employee hérite de Person.

' Simple hierarchy of classes.
Public Class Person
    Public Property FirstName As String
    Public Property LastName As String
End Class

Public Class Employee
    Inherits Person
End Class

' The method has a parameter of the IEnumerable(Of Person) type.
Public Sub PrintFullName(ByVal persons As IEnumerable(Of Person))
    For Each person As Person In persons
        Console.WriteLine(
            "Name: " & person.FirstName & " " & person.LastName)
    Next
End Sub

Sub Main()
    Dim employees As IEnumerable(Of Employee) = New List(Of Employee)

    ' You can pass IEnumerable(Of Employee), 
    ' although the method expects IEnumerable(Of Person).

    PrintFullName(employees)

End Sub

// Simple hierarchy of classes.
public class Person
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
}

public class Employee : Person { }

class Program
{
    // The method has a parameter of the IEnumerable<Person> type.
    public static void PrintFullName(IEnumerable<Person> persons)
    {
        foreach (Person person in persons)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Name: {0} {1}",
            person.FirstName, person.LastName);
        }
    }

    public static void Test()
    {
        IEnumerable<Employee> employees = new List<Employee>();

        // You can pass IEnumerable<Employee>, 
        // although the method expects IEnumerable<Person>.

        PrintFullName(employees);

    }
}

Comparaison de collections génériques

L'exemple suivant illustre les avantages de la prise en charge de la contravariance dans l'interface IComparer<T>. La classe PersonComparer implémente l'interface IComparer<Person> (IComparer(Of Person) en Visual Basic). Toutefois, vous pouvez réutiliser cette classe pour comparer une séquence d'objets de type Employee car Employee hérite de Person.

' Simple hierarhcy of classes.
Public Class Person
    Public Property FirstName As String
    Public Property LastName As String
End Class

Public Class Employee
    Inherits Person
End Class
' The custom comparer for the Person type
' with standard implementations of Equals()
' and GetHashCode() methods.
Class PersonComparer
    Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person)

    Public Function Equals1(
        ByVal x As Person,
        ByVal y As Person) As Boolean _
        Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person).Equals

        If x Is y Then Return True
        If x Is Nothing OrElse y Is Nothing Then Return False
        Return (x.FirstName = y.FirstName) AndAlso
            (x.LastName = y.LastName)
    End Function
    Public Function GetHashCode1(
        ByVal person As Person) As Integer _
        Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person).GetHashCode

        If person Is Nothing Then Return 0
        Dim hashFirstName =
            If(person.FirstName Is Nothing,
            0, person.FirstName.GetHashCode())
        Dim hashLastName = person.LastName.GetHashCode()
        Return hashFirstName Xor hashLastName
    End Function
End Class

Sub Main()
    Dim employees = New List(Of Employee) From {
        New Employee With {.FirstName = "Michael", .LastName = "Alexander"},
        New Employee With {.FirstName = "Jeff", .LastName = "Price"}
    }

    ' You can pass PersonComparer, 
    ' which implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person),
    ' although the method expects IEqualityComparer(Of Employee)

    Dim noduplicates As IEnumerable(Of Employee) = employees.Distinct(New PersonComparer())

    For Each employee In noduplicates
        Console.WriteLine(employee.FirstName & " " & employee.LastName)
    Next
End Sub

// Simple hierarchy of classes.
public class Person
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
}

public class Employee : Person { }

// The custom comparer for the Person type
// with standard implementations of Equals()
// and GetHashCode() methods.
class PersonComparer : IEqualityComparer<Person>
{
    public bool Equals(Person x, Person y)
    {            
        if (Object.ReferenceEquals(x, y)) return true;
        if (Object.ReferenceEquals(x, null) ||
            Object.ReferenceEquals(y, null))
            return false;            
        return x.FirstName == y.FirstName && x.LastName == y.LastName;
    }
    public int GetHashCode(Person person)
    {
        if (Object.ReferenceEquals(person, null)) return 0;
        int hashFirstName = person.FirstName == null
            ? 0 : person.FirstName.GetHashCode();
        int hashLastName = person.LastName.GetHashCode();
        return hashFirstName ^ hashLastName;
    }
}

class Program
{

    public static void Test()
    {
        List<Employee> employees = new List<Employee> {
               new Employee() {FirstName = "Michael", LastName = "Alexander"},
               new Employee() {FirstName = "Jeff", LastName = "Price"}
            };

        // You can pass PersonComparer, 
        // which implements IEqualityComparer<Person>,
        // although the method expects IEqualityComparer<Employee>.

        IEnumerable<Employee> noduplicates =
            employees.Distinct<Employee>(new PersonComparer());

        foreach (var employee in noduplicates)
            Console.WriteLine(employee.FirstName + " " + employee.LastName);
    }
}

Voir aussi

Concepts

Variance dans les interfaces génériques (C# et Visual Basic)