如何：用反射发出定义泛型方法

项目
04/01/2024

第一个过程演示如何使用两个类型参数创建简单的泛型方法，以及如何将类约束、接口约束和特殊约束应用于类型参数。

第二个过程演示如何发出方法主体，以及如何使用泛型方法的类型参数创建泛型类型的实例和调用其方法。

第三个过程演示如何调用泛型方法。

重要

某方法只要属于泛型类型，且使用该类型的类型参数，就不是泛型方法。只有当方法有属于自己的类型参数列表时才是泛型方法。泛型方法可在非泛型类型上出现，如本示例中所示。有关泛型类型上的非泛型方法示例，请参阅如何：使用反射发出定义泛型类型。

定义泛型方法

开始前，最好先研究下在使用高级语言编写时泛型方法的出现方式。以下代码与调用泛型方法的代码一起包含在此主题的示例代码中。该方法具有两个类型参数：TInput 和 TOutput。其中第二个参数必须具备以下条件：是引用类型 (class)；具有无参数构造函数 (new)；实现 ICollection<TInput>。此接口约束确保可使用 ICollection<T>.Add 方法将元素添加到该方法创建的 TOutput 集合。该方法具有一个形参 input，它是 TInput 的数组。该方法将创建一个 TOutput 类型的集合，并将 input 的元素复制到该集合。
```
public static TOutput Factory<TInput, TOutput>(TInput[] tarray)
    where TOutput : class, ICollection<TInput>, new()
{
    TOutput ret = new TOutput();
    ICollection<TInput> ic = ret;

    foreach (TInput t in tarray)
    {
        ic.Add(t);
    }
    return ret;
}
```
```
Public Shared Function Factory(Of TInput, _
    TOutput As {ICollection(Of TInput), Class, New}) _
    (ByVal input() As TInput) As TOutput

    Dim retval As New TOutput()
    Dim ic As ICollection(Of TInput) = retval

    For Each t As TInput In input
        ic.Add(t)
    Next

    Return retval
End Function
```

定义动态程序集和动态模块，以包含泛型方法所属类型。在这种情况下，程序集仅有一个模块 DemoMethodBuilder1，模块名称为该程序集名称加上扩展名。在此示例中，因为要将程序集保存在磁盘并执行，所以指定了 AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave。可以使用 Ildasm.exe（IL 反汇编程序）检查 DemoMethodBuilder1.dll，并将其与步骤 1 中所示方法的公共中间语言 (CIL) 比较。

AssemblyName asmName = new AssemblyName("DemoMethodBuilder1");
AppDomain domain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain;
AssemblyBuilder demoAssembly =
    domain.DefineDynamicAssembly(asmName,
        AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave);

// Define the module that contains the code. For an
// assembly with one module, the module name is the
// assembly name plus a file extension.
ModuleBuilder demoModule =
    demoAssembly.DefineDynamicModule(asmName.Name,
        asmName.Name+".dll");

Dim asmName As New AssemblyName("DemoMethodBuilder1")
Dim domain As AppDomain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain
Dim demoAssembly As AssemblyBuilder = _
    domain.DefineDynamicAssembly(asmName, _
        AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave)

' Define the module that contains the code. For an 
' assembly with one module, the module name is the 
' assembly name plus a file extension.
Dim demoModule As ModuleBuilder = _
    demoAssembly.DefineDynamicModule( _
        asmName.Name, _
        asmName.Name & ".dll")

定义泛型方法所属类型。该类型不一定是泛型类型。泛型方法可以属于泛型或非泛型类型。在此示例中，类型是一个名为 DemoType 类，不是泛型类型。
```
TypeBuilder demoType =
    demoModule.DefineType("DemoType", TypeAttributes.Public);
```
```
Dim demoType As TypeBuilder = demoModule.DefineType( _
    "DemoType", _
    TypeAttributes.Public)
```
定义泛型方法。如果泛型方法的泛型类型参数指定了泛型方法的形参类型，则使用 DefineMethod(String, MethodAttributes) 方法重载来定义该方法。由于尚未定义该方法的泛型类型参数，因此不能在对 DefineMethod 的调用中指定方法的形参类型。在此示例中，该方法名为 Factory。该方法是 public 和 static 方法（在 Visual Basic 中是 Shared 方法）。
```
MethodBuilder factory =
    demoType.DefineMethod("Factory",
        MethodAttributes.Public | MethodAttributes.Static);
```
```
Dim factory As MethodBuilder = _
    demoType.DefineMethod("Factory", _
        MethodAttributes.Public Or MethodAttributes.Static)
```

通过将包含参数名称的字符串数组传递给 MethodBuilder.DefineGenericParameters 方法来定义 DemoMethod 的泛型类型参数。这使该方法成为泛型方法。以下代码可以将 Factory 变为具有类型参数 TInput 和 TOutput 的泛型方法。为了更加方便阅读代码，采用以上名称创建变量，以保留表示这两个类型参数的 GenericTypeParameterBuilder 对象。

string[] typeParameterNames = {"TInput", "TOutput"};
GenericTypeParameterBuilder[] typeParameters =
    factory.DefineGenericParameters(typeParameterNames);

GenericTypeParameterBuilder TInput = typeParameters[0];
GenericTypeParameterBuilder TOutput = typeParameters[1];

Dim typeParameterNames() As String = {"TInput", "TOutput"}
Dim typeParameters() As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = _
    factory.DefineGenericParameters(typeParameterNames)

Dim TInput As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParameters(0)
Dim TOutput As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParameters(1)

可以选择向类型参数添加特殊约束。使用 SetGenericParameterAttributes 方法添加特殊约束。在此示例中，约束 TOutput 作为引用类型并且具有无参数构造函数。

TOutput.SetGenericParameterAttributes(
    GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint |
    GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint);

TOutput.SetGenericParameterAttributes( _
    GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint Or _
    GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint)

可以选择向类型参数添加类约束和接口约束。在此示例中，约束类型参数 TOutput 为实现 ICollection(Of TInput)（C# 中为 ICollection<TInput>）接口的类型。这样确保了可以使用 Add 方法来添加元素。

Type icoll = typeof(ICollection<>);
Type icollOfTInput = icoll.MakeGenericType(TInput);
Type[] constraints = {icollOfTInput};
TOutput.SetInterfaceConstraints(constraints);

Dim icoll As Type = GetType(ICollection(Of ))
Dim icollOfTInput As Type = icoll.MakeGenericType(TInput)
Dim constraints() As Type = {icollOfTInput}
TOutput.SetInterfaceConstraints(constraints)

使用 SetParameters 方法定义方法的形参。在此示例中，Factory 方法具有一个参数，它是 TInput 的数组。通过调用表示 TInput 的 GenericTypeParameterBuilder 上的 MakeArrayType 方法创建此类型。 SetParameters 的参数是 Type 对象的数组。
```
Type[] parms = {TInput.MakeArrayType()};
factory.SetParameters(parms);
```
```
Dim params() As Type = {TInput.MakeArrayType()}
factory.SetParameters(params)
```
使用 SetReturnType 方法定义该方法的返回类型。在此示例中，将返回 TOutput 的实例。
```
factory.SetReturnType(TOutput);
```
```
factory.SetReturnType(TOutput)
```
使用 ILGenerator 发出方法主体。有关详细信息，请参阅附带的用于发出方法体的过程。

重要

如果发出对泛型类型方法的调用，并且这些类型的类型参数是泛型方法的类型参数，则必须使用 TypeBuilder 类的 staticGetConstructor(Type, ConstructorInfo)、GetMethod(Type, MethodInfo) 和 GetField(Type, FieldInfo) 方法重载来获取方法的构造窗体。发出方法主体的附带过程提供了相关演示。

完成包含该方法的类型，并保存程序集。附带的泛型方法调用过程演示了调用完整方法的两种方式。

// Complete the type.
Type dt = demoType.CreateType();
// Save the assembly, so it can be examined with Ildasm.exe.
demoAssembly.Save(asmName.Name+".dll");

' Complete the type.
Dim dt As Type = demoType.CreateType()
' Save the assembly, so it can be examined with Ildasm.exe.
demoAssembly.Save(asmName.Name & ".dll")

发出方法主体

获取代码生成器，并声明局部变量和标签。 DeclareLocal 方法用于声明局部变量。 Factory 方法具有四个局部变量：retVal，用于保留该方法返回的新 TOutput；ic，用于在 TOutput 强制转换成 ICollection<TInput> 时进行保留；input，用于保留 TInput 对象的输入数组；index，用于循环访问数组。该方法还具有两个标签，一个用于进入循环 (enterLoop)，另一个用于循环的顶部 (loopAgain)，这两个标签均使用 DefineLabel 方法定义。

该方法执行的第一个操作是使用 Ldarg_0 操作码加载其参数，并使用 Stloc_S 操作码将参数存储到局部变量 input。

ILGenerator ilgen = factory.GetILGenerator();

LocalBuilder retVal = ilgen.DeclareLocal(TOutput);
LocalBuilder ic = ilgen.DeclareLocal(icollOfTInput);
LocalBuilder input = ilgen.DeclareLocal(TInput.MakeArrayType());
LocalBuilder index = ilgen.DeclareLocal(typeof(int));

Label enterLoop = ilgen.DefineLabel();
Label loopAgain = ilgen.DefineLabel();

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, input);

Dim ilgen As ILGenerator = factory.GetILGenerator()

Dim retVal As LocalBuilder = ilgen.DeclareLocal(TOutput)
Dim ic As LocalBuilder = ilgen.DeclareLocal(icollOfTInput)
Dim input As LocalBuilder = _
    ilgen.DeclareLocal(TInput.MakeArrayType())
Dim index As LocalBuilder = _
    ilgen.DeclareLocal(GetType(Integer))

Dim enterLoop As Label = ilgen.DefineLabel()
Dim loopAgain As Label = ilgen.DefineLabel()

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, input)

使用 Activator.CreateInstance 方法的泛型方法重载，发出代码，创建 TOutput 的实例。使用此重载要求指定的类型具有无参数构造函数，因此需向 TOutput 添加该约束。通过将 TOutput 传递到 MakeGenericMethod 来创建构造泛型方法。发出代码调用方法后，使用 Stloc_S 发出代码，将其存储在局部变量 retVal

MethodInfo createInst =
    typeof(Activator).GetMethod("CreateInstance", Type.EmptyTypes);
MethodInfo createInstOfTOutput =
    createInst.MakeGenericMethod(TOutput);

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Call, createInstOfTOutput);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, retVal);

Dim createInst As MethodInfo = _
    GetType(Activator).GetMethod("CreateInstance", Type.EmptyTypes)
Dim createInstOfTOutput As MethodInfo = _
    createInst.MakeGenericMethod(TOutput)

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Call, createInstOfTOutput)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, retVal)

发出代码，将新的 TOutput 对象强制转换为 ICollection(Of TInput)，并将其存储在局部变量 ic。

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, retVal);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Box, TOutput);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Castclass, icollOfTInput);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, ic);

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, retVal)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Box, TOutput)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Castclass, icollOfTInput)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, ic)

获取表示 ICollection<T>.Add 方法的 MethodInfo。此方法作用于 ICollection<TInput>，因此必须获取特定于该构造类型的 Add 方法。不能使用 GetMethod 方法直接从 icollOfTInput 获取 MethodInfo，因为 GetMethod 在已使用 GenericTypeParameterBuilder 构造的类型上不受支持。而应该在包含 ICollection<T> 泛型接口的泛型类型定义的 icoll 上调用 GetMethod。然后，使用 GetMethod(Type, MethodInfo)static 方法生成该构造类型的 MethodInfo。下面的代码对此进行了演示。
```
MethodInfo mAddPrep = icoll.GetMethod("Add");
MethodInfo mAdd = TypeBuilder.GetMethod(icollOfTInput, mAddPrep);
```
```
Dim mAddPrep As MethodInfo = icoll.GetMethod("Add")
Dim mAdd As MethodInfo = _
    TypeBuilder.GetMethod(icollOfTInput, mAddPrep)
```

通过加载 32 位整数 0 并将其存储在变量中，发出代码，初始化 index 变量。发出代码，分支到标签 enterLoop。因为此标签位于循环内，所以尚未标记。循环的代码在下一步发出。

// Initialize the count and enter the loop.
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, index);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Br_S, enterLoop);

' Initialize the count and enter the loop.
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, index)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Br_S, enterLoop)

发出该循环的代码。第一步是通过 loopAgain 标签调用 MarkLabel，标记循环的顶部。使用该标签的分支语句现在将分支到代码中的这个点。下一步是将强制转换为 ICollection(Of TInput) 的 TOutput 对象推入堆栈。无需立即进行此操作，但需要在调用 Add 方法之前完成。接下来，依次将输入数组和包含该数组的当前索引的 index 变量推入堆栈。 Ldelem 操作码从堆栈中弹出该索引和数组，然后将索引数组元素推入堆栈。堆栈现已准备好调用 ICollection<T>.Add 方法，该方法从堆栈中弹出集合和新元素，并将该元素添加到该集合中。

循环中的其余代码会递增索引并测试以查看循环是否已完成：将索引和 32 位整数 1 压入堆栈并添加，将总和留在堆栈上；总和存储在 index 中。调用 MarkLabel，将该点设置为循环的入口点。再次加载该索引。将输入数组推入堆栈，然后发出 Ldlen，获取其长度。索引和长度现位于堆栈中，发出 Clt 对二者进行比较。如果索引小于该长度，Brtrue_S 会从分支返回到循环的起始点。
```
ilgen.MarkLabel(loopAgain);

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, ic);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, input);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelem, TInput);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, mAdd);

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Add);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, index);

ilgen.MarkLabel(enterLoop);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, input);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldlen);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Conv_I4);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Clt);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Brtrue_S, loopAgain);
```
```
ilgen.MarkLabel(loopAgain)

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, ic)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, input)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelem, TInput)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, mAdd)

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Add)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, index)

ilgen.MarkLabel(enterLoop)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, input)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldlen)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Conv_I4)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Clt)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Brtrue_S, loopAgain)
```
发出代码，将 TOutput 对象推入堆栈，并从该方法返回。局部变量 retVal 和 ic 均包含对新的 TOutput 的引用；ic 仅用于访问 ICollection<T>.Add 方法。
```
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, retVal);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
```
```
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, retVal)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret)
```

调用泛型方法

Factory 是泛型方法定义。若要调用泛型方法，必须向其泛型类型参数分配类型。可使用 MakeGenericMethod 方法完成此操作。下面的代码通过为 TInput 指定 String 并为 TOutput 指定 List(Of String)（在 C# 中为 List<string>）创建构造泛型方法，并显示该方法的字符串表示形式。

MethodInfo m = dt.GetMethod("Factory");
MethodInfo bound =
    m.MakeGenericMethod(typeof(string), typeof(List<string>));

// Display a string representing the bound method.
Console.WriteLine(bound);

Dim m As MethodInfo = dt.GetMethod("Factory")
Dim bound As MethodInfo = m.MakeGenericMethod( _
    GetType(String), GetType(List(Of String)))

' Display a string representing the bound method.
Console.WriteLine(bound)

若要以后期绑定的形式调用该方法，请使用 Invoke 方法。以下代码可创建 Object 的数组（其中包含的唯一元素为字符串数组），并将其作为泛型方法的参数列表传递。 Invoke 的第一个参数是空引用，因为该方法为 static。将返回值强制转换为 List(Of String)，并显示它的第一个元素。
```
object o = bound.Invoke(null, new object[]{arr});
List<string> list2 = (List<string>) o;

Console.WriteLine("The first element is: {0}", list2[0]);
```
```
Dim o As Object = bound.Invoke(Nothing, New Object() {arr})
Dim list2 As List(Of String) = CType(o, List(Of String))

Console.WriteLine("The first element is: {0}", list2(0))
```

若要使用委托调用该方法，必须具有与该构造泛型方法的签名匹配的委托。实现上述目标的一种简便方式是创建一个泛型委托。以下代码使用 Delegate.CreateDelegate(Type, MethodInfo) 方法重载来创建示例代码中定义的泛型委托 D 的实例，然后调用该委托。委托的性能优于后期绑定调用的性能。

Type dType = typeof(D<string, List <string>>);
D<string, List <string>> test;
test = (D<string, List <string>>)
    Delegate.CreateDelegate(dType, bound);

List<string> list3 = test(arr);
Console.WriteLine("The first element is: {0}", list3[0]);

Dim dType As Type = GetType(D(Of String, List(Of String)))
Dim test As D(Of String, List(Of String))
test = CType( _
    [Delegate].CreateDelegate(dType, bound), _
    D(Of String, List(Of String)))

Dim list3 As List(Of String) = test(arr)
Console.WriteLine("The first element is: {0}", list3(0))

也可以从引用保存的程序集的程序调用发出的方法。

示例

下面的代码示例使用泛型方法 Factory 创建一个非泛型类型 DemoType。此方法具有两个泛型类型参数：TInput，用于指定输入类型；TOutput，用于指定输出类型。 TOutput 类型参数具有以下约束：实现 ICollection<TInput>（在 Visual Basic 中为 ICollection(Of TInput)）；作为引用类型；具有无参数构造函数。

该方法具有一个形参，它是 TInput 的数组。该方法返回 TOutput 的实例，该实例包含输入数组的所有元素。 TOutput 可以是实现 ICollection<T> 泛型接口的任意泛型集合类型。

执行代码时，该动态程序集会另存为 DemoGenericMethod1.dll，使用 Ildasm.exe（IL 反汇编程序）可以对其进行检查。

注意

了解如何发出代码的好方法是编写程序来用于执行尝试发出的任务，然后使用反汇编程序检查编译器生成的 CIL。

该代码示例包含等效于发出的方法的源代码。发出的方法也是通过使用代码示例中声明的泛型委托，以后期绑定的形式调用的。

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;

// Declare a generic delegate that can be used to execute the
// finished method.
//
public delegate TOut D<TIn, TOut>(TIn[] input);

class GenericMethodBuilder
{
    // This method shows how to declare, in Visual Basic, the generic
    // method this program emits. The method has two type parameters,
    // TInput and TOutput, the second of which must be a reference type
    // (class), must have a parameterless constructor (new()), and must
    // implement ICollection<TInput>. This interface constraint
    // ensures that ICollection<TInput>.Add can be used to add
    // elements to the TOutput object the method creates. The method
    // has one formal parameter, input, which is an array of TInput.
    // The elements of this array are copied to the new TOutput.
    //
    public static TOutput Factory<TInput, TOutput>(TInput[] tarray)
        where TOutput : class, ICollection<TInput>, new()
    {
        TOutput ret = new TOutput();
        ICollection<TInput> ic = ret;

        foreach (TInput t in tarray)
        {
            ic.Add(t);
        }
        return ret;
    }

    public static void Main()
    {
        // The following shows the usage syntax of the C#
        // version of the generic method emitted by this program.
        // Note that the generic parameters must be specified
        // explicitly, because the compiler does not have enough
        // context to infer the type of TOutput. In this case, TOutput
        // is a generic List containing strings.
        //
        string[] arr = {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"};
        List<string> list1 =
            GenericMethodBuilder.Factory<string, List <string>>(arr);
        Console.WriteLine("The first element is: {0}", list1[0]);

        // Creating a dynamic assembly requires an AssemblyName
        // object, and the current application domain.
        //
        AssemblyName asmName = new AssemblyName("DemoMethodBuilder1");
        AppDomain domain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain;
        AssemblyBuilder demoAssembly =
            domain.DefineDynamicAssembly(asmName,
                AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave);

        // Define the module that contains the code. For an
        // assembly with one module, the module name is the
        // assembly name plus a file extension.
        ModuleBuilder demoModule =
            demoAssembly.DefineDynamicModule(asmName.Name,
                asmName.Name+".dll");

        // Define a type to contain the method.
        TypeBuilder demoType =
            demoModule.DefineType("DemoType", TypeAttributes.Public);

        // Define a public static method with standard calling
        // conventions. Do not specify the parameter types or the
        // return type, because type parameters will be used for
        // those types, and the type parameters have not been
        // defined yet.
        //
        MethodBuilder factory =
            demoType.DefineMethod("Factory",
                MethodAttributes.Public | MethodAttributes.Static);

        // Defining generic type parameters for the method makes it a
        // generic method. To make the code easier to read, each
        // type parameter is copied to a variable of the same name.
        //
        string[] typeParameterNames = {"TInput", "TOutput"};
        GenericTypeParameterBuilder[] typeParameters =
            factory.DefineGenericParameters(typeParameterNames);

        GenericTypeParameterBuilder TInput = typeParameters[0];
        GenericTypeParameterBuilder TOutput = typeParameters[1];

        // Add special constraints.
        // The type parameter TOutput is constrained to be a reference
        // type, and to have a parameterless constructor. This ensures
        // that the Factory method can create the collection type.
        //
        TOutput.SetGenericParameterAttributes(
            GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint |
            GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint);

        // Add interface and base type constraints.
        // The type parameter TOutput is constrained to types that
        // implement the ICollection<T> interface, to ensure that
        // they have an Add method that can be used to add elements.
        //
        // To create the constraint, first use MakeGenericType to bind
        // the type parameter TInput to the ICollection<T> interface,
        // returning the type ICollection<TInput>, then pass
        // the newly created type to the SetInterfaceConstraints
        // method. The constraints must be passed as an array, even if
        // there is only one interface.
        //
        Type icoll = typeof(ICollection<>);
        Type icollOfTInput = icoll.MakeGenericType(TInput);
        Type[] constraints = {icollOfTInput};
        TOutput.SetInterfaceConstraints(constraints);

        // Set parameter types for the method. The method takes
        // one parameter, an array of type TInput.
        Type[] parms = {TInput.MakeArrayType()};
        factory.SetParameters(parms);

        // Set the return type for the method. The return type is
        // the generic type parameter TOutput.
        factory.SetReturnType(TOutput);

        // Generate a code body for the method.
        // -----------------------------------
        // Get a code generator and declare local variables and
        // labels. Save the input array to a local variable.
        //
        ILGenerator ilgen = factory.GetILGenerator();

        LocalBuilder retVal = ilgen.DeclareLocal(TOutput);
        LocalBuilder ic = ilgen.DeclareLocal(icollOfTInput);
        LocalBuilder input = ilgen.DeclareLocal(TInput.MakeArrayType());
        LocalBuilder index = ilgen.DeclareLocal(typeof(int));

        Label enterLoop = ilgen.DefineLabel();
        Label loopAgain = ilgen.DefineLabel();

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, input);

        // Create an instance of TOutput, using the generic method
        // overload of the Activator.CreateInstance method.
        // Using this overload requires the specified type to have
        // a parameterless constructor, which is the reason for adding
        // that constraint to TOutput. Create the constructed generic
        // method by passing TOutput to MakeGenericMethod. After
        // emitting code to call the method, emit code to store the
        // new TOutput in a local variable.
        //
        MethodInfo createInst =
            typeof(Activator).GetMethod("CreateInstance", Type.EmptyTypes);
        MethodInfo createInstOfTOutput =
            createInst.MakeGenericMethod(TOutput);

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Call, createInstOfTOutput);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, retVal);

        // Load the reference to the TOutput object, cast it to
        // ICollection<TInput>, and save it.
        //
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, retVal);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Box, TOutput);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Castclass, icollOfTInput);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, ic);

        // Loop through the array, adding each element to the new
        // instance of TOutput. Note that in order to get a MethodInfo
        // for ICollection<TInput>.Add, it is necessary to first
        // get the Add method for the generic type defintion,
        // ICollection<T>.Add. This is because it is not possible
        // to call GetMethod on icollOfTInput. The static overload of
        // TypeBuilder.GetMethod produces the correct MethodInfo for
        // the constructed type.
        //
        MethodInfo mAddPrep = icoll.GetMethod("Add");
        MethodInfo mAdd = TypeBuilder.GetMethod(icollOfTInput, mAddPrep);

        // Initialize the count and enter the loop.
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, index);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Br_S, enterLoop);

        // Mark the beginning of the loop. Push the ICollection
        // reference on the stack, so it will be in position for the
        // call to Add. Then push the array and the index on the
        // stack, get the array element, and call Add (represented
        // by the MethodInfo mAdd) to add it to the collection.
        //
        // The other ten instructions just increment the index
        // and test for the end of the loop. Note the MarkLabel
        // method, which sets the point in the code where the
        // loop is entered. (See the earlier Br_S to enterLoop.)
        //
        ilgen.MarkLabel(loopAgain);

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, ic);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, input);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelem, TInput);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, mAdd);

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Add);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, index);

        ilgen.MarkLabel(enterLoop);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, input);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldlen);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Conv_I4);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Clt);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Brtrue_S, loopAgain);

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, retVal);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);

        // Complete the type.
        Type dt = demoType.CreateType();
        // Save the assembly, so it can be examined with Ildasm.exe.
        demoAssembly.Save(asmName.Name+".dll");

        // To create a constructed generic method that can be
        // executed, first call the GetMethod method on the completed
        // type to get the generic method definition. Call MakeGenericType
        // on the generic method definition to obtain the constructed
        // method, passing in the type arguments. In this case, the
        // constructed method has string for TInput and List<string>
        // for TOutput.
        //
        MethodInfo m = dt.GetMethod("Factory");
        MethodInfo bound =
            m.MakeGenericMethod(typeof(string), typeof(List<string>));

        // Display a string representing the bound method.
        Console.WriteLine(bound);

        // Once the generic method is constructed,
        // you can invoke it and pass in an array of objects
        // representing the arguments. In this case, there is only
        // one element in that array, the argument 'arr'.
        //
        object o = bound.Invoke(null, new object[]{arr});
        List<string> list2 = (List<string>) o;

        Console.WriteLine("The first element is: {0}", list2[0]);

        // You can get better performance from multiple calls if
        // you bind the constructed method to a delegate. The
        // following code uses the generic delegate D defined
        // earlier.
        //
        Type dType = typeof(D<string, List <string>>);
        D<string, List <string>> test;
        test = (D<string, List <string>>)
            Delegate.CreateDelegate(dType, bound);

        List<string> list3 = test(arr);
        Console.WriteLine("The first element is: {0}", list3[0]);
    }
}

/* This code example produces the following output:

The first element is: a
System.Collections.Generic.List`1[System.String] Factory[String,List`1](System.String[])
The first element is: a
The first element is: a
 */

Imports System.Collections.Generic
Imports System.Reflection
Imports System.Reflection.Emit

' Declare a generic delegate that can be used to execute the 
' finished method.
'
Delegate Function D(Of TIn, TOut)(ByVal input() As TIn) As TOut

Class GenericMethodBuilder

    ' This method shows how to declare, in Visual Basic, the generic
    ' method this program emits. The method has two type parameters,
    ' TInput and TOutput, the second of which must be a reference type
    ' (Class), must have a parameterless constructor (New), and must
    ' implement ICollection(Of TInput). This interface constraint
    ' ensures that ICollection(Of TInput).Add can be used to add
    ' elements to the TOutput object the method creates. The method 
    ' has one formal parameter, input, which is an array of TInput. 
    ' The elements of this array are copied to the new TOutput.
    '
    Public Shared Function Factory(Of TInput, _
        TOutput As {ICollection(Of TInput), Class, New}) _
        (ByVal input() As TInput) As TOutput

        Dim retval As New TOutput()
        Dim ic As ICollection(Of TInput) = retval

        For Each t As TInput In input
            ic.Add(t)
        Next

        Return retval
    End Function


    Public Shared Sub Main()
        ' The following shows the usage syntax of the Visual Basic
        ' version of the generic method emitted by this program.
        ' Note that the generic parameters must be specified 
        ' explicitly, because the compiler does not have enough 
        ' context to infer the type of TOutput. In this case, TOutput
        ' is a generic List containing strings.
        ' 
        Dim arr() As String = {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}
        Dim list1 As List(Of String) = _
            GenericMethodBuilder.Factory(Of String, List(Of String))(arr)
        Console.WriteLine("The first element is: {0}", list1(0))


        ' Creating a dynamic assembly requires an AssemblyName
        ' object, and the current application domain.
        '
        Dim asmName As New AssemblyName("DemoMethodBuilder1")
        Dim domain As AppDomain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain
        Dim demoAssembly As AssemblyBuilder = _
            domain.DefineDynamicAssembly(asmName, _
                AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave)

        ' Define the module that contains the code. For an 
        ' assembly with one module, the module name is the 
        ' assembly name plus a file extension.
        Dim demoModule As ModuleBuilder = _
            demoAssembly.DefineDynamicModule( _
                asmName.Name, _
                asmName.Name & ".dll")

        ' Define a type to contain the method.
        Dim demoType As TypeBuilder = demoModule.DefineType( _
            "DemoType", _
            TypeAttributes.Public)

        ' Define a Shared, Public method with standard calling
        ' conventions. Do not specify the parameter types or the
        ' return type, because type parameters will be used for 
        ' those types, and the type parameters have not been
        ' defined yet.
        '
        Dim factory As MethodBuilder = _
            demoType.DefineMethod("Factory", _
                MethodAttributes.Public Or MethodAttributes.Static)

        ' Defining generic type parameters for the method makes it a
        ' generic method. To make the code easier to read, each
        ' type parameter is copied to a variable of the same name.
        '
        Dim typeParameterNames() As String = {"TInput", "TOutput"}
        Dim typeParameters() As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = _
            factory.DefineGenericParameters(typeParameterNames)

        Dim TInput As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParameters(0)
        Dim TOutput As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParameters(1)

        ' Add special constraints.
        ' The type parameter TOutput is constrained to be a reference
        ' type, and to have a parameterless constructor. This ensures
        ' that the Factory method can create the collection type.
        ' 
        TOutput.SetGenericParameterAttributes( _
            GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint Or _
            GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint)

        ' Add interface and base type constraints.
        ' The type parameter TOutput is constrained to types that
        ' implement the ICollection(Of T) interface, to ensure that
        ' they have an Add method that can be used to add elements.
        '
        ' To create the constraint, first use MakeGenericType to bind 
        ' the type parameter TInput to the ICollection(Of T) interface,
        ' returning the type ICollection(Of TInput), then pass
        ' the newly created type to the SetInterfaceConstraints
        ' method. The constraints must be passed as an array, even if
        ' there is only one interface.
        '
        Dim icoll As Type = GetType(ICollection(Of ))
        Dim icollOfTInput As Type = icoll.MakeGenericType(TInput)
        Dim constraints() As Type = {icollOfTInput}
        TOutput.SetInterfaceConstraints(constraints)

        ' Set parameter types for the method. The method takes
        ' one parameter, an array of type TInput.
        Dim params() As Type = {TInput.MakeArrayType()}
        factory.SetParameters(params)

        ' Set the return type for the method. The return type is
        ' the generic type parameter TOutput.
        factory.SetReturnType(TOutput)

        ' Generate a code body for the method. 
        ' -----------------------------------
        ' Get a code generator and declare local variables and
        ' labels. Save the input array to a local variable.
        '
        Dim ilgen As ILGenerator = factory.GetILGenerator()

        Dim retVal As LocalBuilder = ilgen.DeclareLocal(TOutput)
        Dim ic As LocalBuilder = ilgen.DeclareLocal(icollOfTInput)
        Dim input As LocalBuilder = _
            ilgen.DeclareLocal(TInput.MakeArrayType())
        Dim index As LocalBuilder = _
            ilgen.DeclareLocal(GetType(Integer))

        Dim enterLoop As Label = ilgen.DefineLabel()
        Dim loopAgain As Label = ilgen.DefineLabel()

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, input)

        ' Create an instance of TOutput, using the generic method 
        ' overload of the Activator.CreateInstance method. 
        ' Using this overload requires the specified type to have
        ' a parameterless constructor, which is the reason for adding 
        ' that constraint to TOutput. Create the constructed generic
        ' method by passing TOutput to MakeGenericMethod. After
        ' emitting code to call the method, emit code to store the
        ' new TOutput in a local variable. 
        '
        Dim createInst As MethodInfo = _
            GetType(Activator).GetMethod("CreateInstance", Type.EmptyTypes)
        Dim createInstOfTOutput As MethodInfo = _
            createInst.MakeGenericMethod(TOutput)

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Call, createInstOfTOutput)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, retVal)

        ' Load the reference to the TOutput object, cast it to
        ' ICollection(Of TInput), and save it.
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, retVal)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Box, TOutput)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Castclass, icollOfTInput)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, ic)

        ' Loop through the array, adding each element to the new
        ' instance of TOutput. Note that in order to get a MethodInfo
        ' for ICollection(Of TInput).Add, it is necessary to first 
        ' get the Add method for the generic type defintion,
        ' ICollection(Of T).Add. This is because it is not possible
        ' to call GetMethod on icollOfTInput. The static overload of
        ' TypeBuilder.GetMethod produces the correct MethodInfo for
        ' the constructed type.
        '
        Dim mAddPrep As MethodInfo = icoll.GetMethod("Add")
        Dim mAdd As MethodInfo = _
            TypeBuilder.GetMethod(icollOfTInput, mAddPrep)

        ' Initialize the count and enter the loop.
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, index)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Br_S, enterLoop)

        ' Mark the beginning of the loop. Push the ICollection
        ' reference on the stack, so it will be in position for the
        ' call to Add. Then push the array and the index on the 
        ' stack, get the array element, and call Add (represented
        ' by the MethodInfo mAdd) to add it to the collection.
        ' 
        ' The other ten instructions just increment the index
        ' and test for the end of the loop. Note the MarkLabel
        ' method, which sets the point in the code where the 
        ' loop is entered. (See the earlier Br_S to enterLoop.)
        '
        ilgen.MarkLabel(loopAgain)

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, ic)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, input)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelem, TInput)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, mAdd)

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Add)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_S, index)

        ilgen.MarkLabel(enterLoop)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, index)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, input)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldlen)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Conv_I4)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Clt)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Brtrue_S, loopAgain)

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_S, retVal)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret)

        ' Complete the type.
        Dim dt As Type = demoType.CreateType()
        ' Save the assembly, so it can be examined with Ildasm.exe.
        demoAssembly.Save(asmName.Name & ".dll")

        ' To create a constructed generic method that can be
        ' executed, first call the GetMethod method on the completed 
        ' type to get the generic method definition. Call MakeGenericType
        ' on the generic method definition to obtain the constructed
        ' method, passing in the type arguments. In this case, the
        ' constructed method has String for TInput and List(Of String)
        ' for TOutput. 
        '
        Dim m As MethodInfo = dt.GetMethod("Factory")
        Dim bound As MethodInfo = m.MakeGenericMethod( _
            GetType(String), GetType(List(Of String)))

        ' Display a string representing the bound method.
        Console.WriteLine(bound)


        ' Once the generic method is constructed, 
        ' you can invoke it and pass in an array of objects 
        ' representing the arguments. In this case, there is only
        ' one element in that array, the argument 'arr'.
        '
        Dim o As Object = bound.Invoke(Nothing, New Object() {arr})
        Dim list2 As List(Of String) = CType(o, List(Of String))

        Console.WriteLine("The first element is: {0}", list2(0))


        ' You can get better performance from multiple calls if
        ' you bind the constructed method to a delegate. The 
        ' following code uses the generic delegate D defined 
        ' earlier.
        '
        Dim dType As Type = GetType(D(Of String, List(Of String)))
        Dim test As D(Of String, List(Of String))
        test = CType( _
            [Delegate].CreateDelegate(dType, bound), _
            D(Of String, List(Of String)))

        Dim list3 As List(Of String) = test(arr)
        Console.WriteLine("The first element is: {0}", list3(0))

    End Sub
End Class

' This code example produces the following output:
'
'The first element is: a
'System.Collections.Generic.List`1[System.String] Factory[String,List`1](System.String[])
'The first element is: a
'The first element is: a

如何：用反射发出定义泛型方法

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