System.InvalidOperationException 类

本文提供了此 API 参考文档的补充说明。

InvalidOperationException 在调用方法失败由无效参数以外的原因导致的情况下使用。 通常，当对象的状态不支持方法调用时，将引发它。 例如，InvalidOperationException 异常由以下方法引发：

• IEnumerator.MoveNext 如果在创建枚举器后修改集合的对象。 有关详细信息，请参阅在循环访问集合时更改集合。
• ResourceSet.GetString 如果在进行方法调用之前关闭资源集。
• XContainer.Add，如果要添加的对象或对象会导致结构不正确的 XML 文档。
• 尝试从一个线程操作 UI 且该线程不是主要或 UI 线程的方法。

重要

由于 InvalidOperationException 异常可以在各种情况下引发，因此必须读取 Message 属性返回的异常消息。

InvalidOperationException 使用 HRESULT COR_E_INVALIDOPERATION，后者的值为 0x80131509。

有关实例的初始属性值的列表InvalidOperationException，请参阅InvalidOperationException构造函数。

InvalidOperationException 异常的常见原因

以下部分介绍了在应用中引发 InvalidOperationException 异常的一些常见情况。 如何处理问题取决于具体情况。 但是，最常见的情况是，异常由开发人员错误导致，并且可以预测和避免 InvalidOperationException 异常。

从非 UI 线程更新 UI 线程

通常，工作线程用于执行一些后台工作，这些工作涉及收集数据以在应用程序的用户界面中显示。 但是， 大多数适用于 .NET 的 GUI（图形用户界面）应用程序框架（如 Windows 窗体和 Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)）只允许从创建和管理 UI 的线程（主线程或 UI 线程）访问 GUI 对象。 尝试从 UI 线程以外的线程访问 UI 元素时，将引发 InvalidOperationException。 下表显示了异常消息的文本。

应用程序类型	Message
WPF 应用	调用线程无法访问此对象，因为它属于其他线程所有。
UWP 应用	应用程序调用了为另一个线程封送的界面。
Windows 窗体应用	跨线程操作无效：控制从创建线程以外的线程访问的“TextBox1”。

.NET 的 UI 框架实现调度程序模式，此模式包含一种用以检查 UI 线程上当前是否正在执行对 UI 元素成员的调用的方法，还包含其他用以计划对 UI 线程的调用的方法：

• 在 WPF 应用中，调用 Dispatcher.CheckAccess 方法以确定一个方法是否正在非 UI 线程上运行。 如果方法在 UI 线程上运行，则返回 true，否则，它将返回 false。 调用 Dispatcher.Invoke 方法的重载之一，以在 UI 线程上计划调用。
• 在 WPF 应用中，调用 CoreDispatcher.HasThreadAccess 属性以确定一个方法是否正在非 UI 线程上运行。 调用 CoreDispatcher.RunAsync 方法以执行更新 UI 线程的委托。
• 在 Windows 窗体应用中，使用 Control.InvokeRequired 属性以确定一个方法是否正在非 UI 线程上运行。 调用 Control.Invoke 方法的重载之一以执行更新 UI 线程的委托。

以下示例演示了尝试从创建 UI 的线程以外的线程更新 UI 元素时引发的 InvalidOperationException 异常。 每个示例都需要创建两个控件：

• 名为 textBox1 的文本框控件。 在Windows 窗体应用中，应将其 Multiline 属性设置为 true。
• 名为 threadExampleBtn 的按钮控件。 该示例为按钮的 Click 事件提供处理程序 ThreadsExampleBtn_Click。

在每个案例中，threadExampleBtn_Click 事件处理程序两次调用 DoSomeWork 方法。 第一次调用同步运行并成功。 但是第二次调用，因为它以异步方式在线程池线程上运行，因此尝试从非 UI 线程更新 UI。 这会导致 InvalidOperationException 异常。

WPF 应用

private async void threadExampleBtn_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
    textBox1.Text = String.Empty;

    textBox1.Text = "Simulating work on UI thread.\n";
    DoSomeWork(20);
    textBox1.Text += "Work completed...\n";

    textBox1.Text += "Simulating work on non-UI thread.\n";
    await Task.Run(() => DoSomeWork(1000));
    textBox1.Text += "Work completed...\n";
}

private async void DoSomeWork(int milliseconds)
{
    // Simulate work.
    await Task.Delay(milliseconds);

    // Report completion.
    var msg = String.Format("Some work completed in {0} ms.\n", milliseconds);
    textBox1.Text += msg;
}

以下版本的 DoSomeWork 方法消除了 WPF 应用中的异常。

private async void DoSomeWork(int milliseconds)
{
    // Simulate work.
    await Task.Delay(milliseconds);

    // Report completion.
    bool uiAccess = textBox1.Dispatcher.CheckAccess();
    String msg = String.Format("Some work completed in {0} ms. on {1}UI thread\n",
                               milliseconds, uiAccess ? String.Empty : "non-");
    if (uiAccess)
        textBox1.Text += msg;
    else
        textBox1.Dispatcher.Invoke(() => { textBox1.Text += msg; });
}

Windows 窗体应用

List<String> lines = new List<String>();

private async void threadExampleBtn_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    textBox1.Text = String.Empty;
    lines.Clear();

    lines.Add("Simulating work on UI thread.");
    textBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray();
    DoSomeWork(20);

    lines.Add("Simulating work on non-UI thread.");
    textBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray();
    await Task.Run(() => DoSomeWork(1000));

    lines.Add("ThreadsExampleBtn_Click completes. ");
    textBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray();
}

private async void DoSomeWork(int milliseconds)
{
    // simulate work
    await Task.Delay(milliseconds);

    // report completion
    lines.Add(String.Format("Some work completed in {0} ms on UI thread.", milliseconds));
    textBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray();
}

Dim lines As New List(Of String)()
Private Async Sub threadExampleBtn_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
    TextBox1.Text = String.Empty
    lines.Clear()

    lines.Add("Simulating work on UI thread.")
    TextBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray()
    DoSomeWork(20)

    lines.Add("Simulating work on non-UI thread.")
    TextBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray()
    Await Task.Run(Sub() DoSomeWork(1000))

    lines.Add("ThreadsExampleBtn_Click completes. ")
    TextBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray()
End Sub

Private Async Sub DoSomeWork(milliseconds As Integer)
    ' Simulate work.
    Await Task.Delay(milliseconds)

    ' Report completion.
    lines.Add(String.Format("Some work completed in {0} ms on UI thread.", milliseconds))
    textBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray()
End Sub

以下版本的 DoSomeWork 方法消除了 Windows 窗体应用中的异常。

private async void DoSomeWork(int milliseconds)
{
    // simulate work
    await Task.Delay(milliseconds);

    // Report completion.
    bool uiMarshal = textBox1.InvokeRequired;
    String msg = String.Format("Some work completed in {0} ms. on {1}UI thread\n",
                               milliseconds, uiMarshal ? String.Empty : "non-");
    lines.Add(msg);

    if (uiMarshal) {
        textBox1.Invoke(new Action(() => { textBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray(); }));
    }
    else {
        textBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray();
    }
}

Private Async Sub DoSomeWork(milliseconds As Integer)
    ' Simulate work.
    Await Task.Delay(milliseconds)

    ' Report completion.
    Dim uiMarshal As Boolean = TextBox1.InvokeRequired
    Dim msg As String = String.Format("Some work completed in {0} ms. on {1}UI thread" + vbCrLf,
                                      milliseconds, If(uiMarshal, String.Empty, "non-"))
    lines.Add(msg)

    If uiMarshal Then
        TextBox1.Invoke(New Action(Sub() TextBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray()))
    Else
        TextBox1.Lines = lines.ToArray()
    End If
End Sub

循环访问集合时更改集合

C# 中的 foreach 语句、F# 中的 for...in 或 Visual Basic 中的 For Each 语句用于循环访问集合的成员以及读取或修改其各个元素。 但是，它不能用于添加或删除集合中的项。 执行此操作会引发 InvalidOperationException 异常，并显示类似于“集合已修改；枚举操作可能不会执行”的消息。

以下示例循环访问整数集合，尝试将每个整数的平方添加到集合中。 该示例引发 InvalidOperationException 以及对 List<T>.Add 方法的第一次调用。

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public class IteratingEx1
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var numbers = new List<int>() { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
        foreach (var number in numbers)
        {
            int square = (int)Math.Pow(number, 2);
            Console.WriteLine("{0}^{1}", number, square);
            Console.WriteLine("Adding {0} to the collection...\n", square);
            numbers.Add(square);
        }
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    1^1
//    Adding 1 to the collection...
//
//
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Collection was modified;
//       enumeration operation may not execute.
//       at System.ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource resource)
//       at System.Collections.Generic.List`1.Enumerator.MoveNextRare()
//       at Example.Main()

open System

let numbers = ResizeArray [| 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 |]
for number in numbers do
    let square = Math.Pow(number, 2) |> int
    printfn $"{number}^{square}"
    printfn $"Adding {square} to the collection...\n"
    numbers.Add square

// The example displays the following output:
//    1^1
//    Adding 1 to the collection...
//
//
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Collection was modified
//       enumeration operation may not execute.
//       at System.ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource resource)
//       at System.Collections.Generic.List`1.Enumerator.MoveNextRare()
//       at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Imports System.Collections.Generic

Module Example6
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim numbers As New List(Of Integer)({1, 2, 3, 4, 5})
        For Each number In numbers
            Dim square As Integer = CInt(Math.Pow(number, 2))
            Console.WriteLine("{0}^{1}", number, square)
            Console.WriteLine("Adding {0} to the collection..." + vbCrLf,
                           square)
            numbers.Add(square)
        Next
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    1^1
'    Adding 1 to the collection...
'    
'    
'    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Collection was modified; 
'       enumeration operation may not execute.
'       at System.ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource resource)
'       at System.Collections.Generic.List`1.Enumerator.MoveNextRare()
'       at Example.Main()

可以通过以下两种方式之一消除异常，具体取决于应用程序逻辑：

• 如果在循环访问集合时必须向集合中添加元素，则可以使用 for（F# 中的 for..to）语句（而不是 foreach、for...in 或 For Each）来循环访问它。 以下示例使用 for 语句将集合中的数字平方添加到集合中。

  using System;
  using System.Collections.Generic;
  
  public class IteratingEx2
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          var numbers = new List<int>() { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
  
          int upperBound = numbers.Count - 1;
          for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= upperBound; ctr++)
          {
              int square = (int)Math.Pow(numbers[ctr], 2);
              Console.WriteLine("{0}^{1}", numbers[ctr], square);
              Console.WriteLine("Adding {0} to the collection...\n", square);
              numbers.Add(square);
          }
  
          Console.WriteLine("Elements now in the collection: ");
          foreach (var number in numbers)
              Console.Write("{0}    ", number);
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //    1^1
  //    Adding 1 to the collection...
  //
  //    2^4
  //    Adding 4 to the collection...
  //
  //    3^9
  //    Adding 9 to the collection...
  //
  //    4^16
  //    Adding 16 to the collection...
  //
  //    5^25
  //    Adding 25 to the collection...
  //
  //    Elements now in the collection:
  //    1    2    3    4    5    1    4    9    16    25
  

  open System
  open System.Collections.Generic
  
  let numbers = ResizeArray [| 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 |]
  
  let upperBound = numbers.Count - 1
  for i = 0 to upperBound do
      let square = Math.Pow(numbers[i], 2) |> int
      printfn $"{numbers[i]}^{square}"
      printfn $"Adding {square} to the collection...\n"
      numbers.Add square
  
  printfn "Elements now in the collection: "
  for number in numbers do
      printf $"{number}    "
  // The example displays the following output:
  //    1^1
  //    Adding 1 to the collection...
  //
  //    2^4
  //    Adding 4 to the collection...
  //
  //    3^9
  //    Adding 9 to the collection...
  //
  //    4^16
  //    Adding 16 to the collection...
  //
  //    5^25
  //    Adding 25 to the collection...
  //
  //    Elements now in the collection:
  //    1    2    3    4    5    1    4    9    16    25
  

  Imports System.Collections.Generic
  
  Module Example7
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim numbers As New List(Of Integer)({1, 2, 3, 4, 5})
          Dim upperBound = numbers.Count - 1
  
          For ctr As Integer = 0 To upperBound
              Dim square As Integer = CInt(Math.Pow(numbers(ctr), 2))
              Console.WriteLine("{0}^{1}", numbers(ctr), square)
              Console.WriteLine("Adding {0} to the collection..." + vbCrLf,
                             square)
              numbers.Add(square)
          Next
  
          Console.WriteLine("Elements now in the collection: ")
          For Each number In numbers
              Console.Write("{0}    ", number)
          Next
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '    1^1
  '    Adding 1 to the collection...
  '    
  '    2^4
  '    Adding 4 to the collection...
  '    
  '    3^9
  '    Adding 9 to the collection...
  '    
  '    4^16
  '    Adding 16 to the collection...
  '    
  '    5^25
  '    Adding 25 to the collection...
  '    
  '    Elements now in the collection:
  '    1    2    3    4    5    1    4    9    16    25
  

  请注意，在循环中使用循环内的计数器来循环访问集合之前，必须建立迭代次数，该计数器将通过向后迭代、从 Count - 1 到 0 循环来循环，或者，如示例所示，将数组中的元素数分配给变量，并使用它建立循环的上限。 否则，如果在每次迭代时将元素添加到集合中，则会产生无限循环。

• 如果不需要在循环访问集合时将元素添加到集合中，则可以将要添加的元素存储在循环访问集合完成后添加的临时集合中。 下面的示例使用此方法将集合中的数字平方添加到临时集合，然后将集合合并为单个数组对象。

  using System;
  using System.Collections.Generic;
  
  public class IteratingEx3
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          var numbers = new List<int>() { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
          var temp = new List<int>();
  
          // Square each number and store it in a temporary collection.
          foreach (var number in numbers)
          {
              int square = (int)Math.Pow(number, 2);
              temp.Add(square);
          }
  
          // Combine the numbers into a single array.
          int[] combined = new int[numbers.Count + temp.Count];
          Array.Copy(numbers.ToArray(), 0, combined, 0, numbers.Count);
          Array.Copy(temp.ToArray(), 0, combined, numbers.Count, temp.Count);
  
          // Iterate the array.
          foreach (var value in combined)
              Console.Write("{0}    ", value);
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       1    2    3    4    5    1    4    9    16    25
  

  open System
  open System.Collections.Generic
  
  let numbers = ResizeArray [| 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 |]
  let temp = ResizeArray()
  
  // Square each number and store it in a temporary collection.
  for number in numbers do
      let square = Math.Pow(number, 2) |> int
      temp.Add square
  
  // Combine the numbers into a single array.
  let combined = Array.zeroCreate<int> (numbers.Count + temp.Count)
  Array.Copy(numbers.ToArray(), 0, combined, 0, numbers.Count)
  Array.Copy(temp.ToArray(), 0, combined, numbers.Count, temp.Count)
  
  // Iterate the array.
  for value in combined do
      printf $"{value}    "
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       1    2    3    4    5    1    4    9    16    25
  

  Imports System.Collections.Generic
  
  Module Example8
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim numbers As New List(Of Integer)({1, 2, 3, 4, 5})
          Dim temp As New List(Of Integer)()
  
          ' Square each number and store it in a temporary collection.
          For Each number In numbers
              Dim square As Integer = CInt(Math.Pow(number, 2))
              temp.Add(square)
          Next
  
          ' Combine the numbers into a single array.
          Dim combined(numbers.Count + temp.Count - 1) As Integer
          Array.Copy(numbers.ToArray(), 0, combined, 0, numbers.Count)
          Array.Copy(temp.ToArray(), 0, combined, numbers.Count, temp.Count)
  
          ' Iterate the array.
          For Each value In combined
              Console.Write("{0}    ", value)
          Next
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       1    2    3    4    5    1    4    9    16    25
  

对无法比较其对象的数组或集合进行排序

常规用途排序方法（如 Array.Sort(Array) 方法或 List<T>.Sort() 方法）通常需要至少对其中一个对象进行排序来实现 IComparable<T> 或 IComparable 接口。 否则无法对集合或数组进行排序，并且该方法将引发 InvalidOperationException 异常。 下面的示例定义 Person 类，将两个 Person 对象存储在泛型 List<T> 对象中，并尝试对其进行排序。 如示例中的输出所示，对 List<T>.Sort() 方法的调用将引发 InvalidOperationException。

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public class Person1
{
    public Person1(string fName, string lName)
    {
        FirstName = fName;
        LastName = lName;
    }

    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
}

public class ListSortEx1
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var people = new List<Person1>();

        people.Add(new Person1("John", "Doe"));
        people.Add(new Person1("Jane", "Doe"));
        people.Sort();
        foreach (var person in people)
            Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", person.FirstName, person.LastName);
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Failed to compare two elements in the array. --->
//       System.ArgumentException: At least one object must implement IComparable.
//       at System.Collections.Comparer.Compare(Object a, Object b)
//       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.SwapIfGreater(T[] keys, IComparer`1 comparer, Int32 a, Int32 b)
//       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.DepthLimitedQuickSort(T[] keys, Int32 left, Int32 right, IComparer`1 comparer, Int32 depthLimit)
//       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.Sort(T[] keys, Int32 index, Int32 length, IComparer`1 comparer)
//       --- End of inner exception stack trace ---
//       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.Sort(T[] keys, Int32 index, Int32 length, IComparer`1 comparer)
//       at System.Array.Sort[T](T[] array, Int32 index, Int32 length, IComparer`1 comparer)
//       at System.Collections.Generic.List`1.Sort(Int32 index, Int32 count, IComparer`1 comparer)
//       at Example.Main()

type Person(firstName: string, lastName: string) =
    member val FirstName = firstName with get, set
    member val LastName = lastName with get, set

let people = ResizeArray()

people.Add(Person("John", "Doe"))
people.Add(Person("Jane", "Doe"))
people.Sort()
for person in people do
    printfn $"{person.FirstName} {person.LastName}"
// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Failed to compare two elements in the array. --->
//       System.ArgumentException: At least one object must implement IComparable.
//       at System.Collections.Comparer.Compare(Object a, Object b)
//       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.SwapIfGreater(T[] keys, IComparer`1 comparer, Int32 a, Int32 b)
//       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.DepthLimitedQuickSort(T[] keys, Int32 left, Int32 right, IComparer`1 comparer, Int32 depthLimit)
//       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.Sort(T[] keys, Int32 index, Int32 length, IComparer`1 comparer)
//       --- End of inner exception stack trace ---
//       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.Sort(T[] keys, Int32 index, Int32 length, IComparer`1 comparer)
//       at System.Array.Sort[T](T[] array, Int32 index, Int32 length, IComparer`1 comparer)
//       at System.Collections.Generic.List`1.Sort(Int32 index, Int32 count, IComparer`1 comparer)
//       at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Imports System.Collections.Generic

Public Class Person9
    Public Sub New(fName As String, lName As String)
        FirstName = fName
        LastName = lName
    End Sub

    Public Property FirstName As String
    Public Property LastName As String
End Class

Module Example9
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim people As New List(Of Person9)()

        people.Add(New Person9("John", "Doe"))
        people.Add(New Person9("Jane", "Doe"))
        people.Sort()
        For Each person In people
            Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", person.FirstName, person.LastName)
        Next
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Failed to compare two elements in the array. ---> 
'       System.ArgumentException: At least one object must implement IComparable.
'       at System.Collections.Comparer.Compare(Object a, Object b)
'       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.SwapIfGreater(T[] keys, IComparer`1 comparer, Int32 a, Int32 b)
'       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.DepthLimitedQuickSort(T[] keys, Int32 left, Int32 right, IComparer`1 comparer, Int32 depthLimit)
'       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.Sort(T[] keys, Int32 index, Int32 length, IComparer`1 comparer)
'       --- End of inner exception stack trace ---
'       at System.Collections.Generic.ArraySortHelper`1.Sort(T[] keys, Int32 index, Int32 length, IComparer`1 comparer)
'       at System.Array.Sort[T](T[] array, Int32 index, Int32 length, IComparer`1 comparer)
'       at System.Collections.Generic.List`1.Sort(Int32 index, Int32 count, IComparer`1 comparer)
'       at Example.Main()

可通过下面三种方式之一消除异常：

• 如果可以拥有尝试排序的类型（即，如果控制其源代码），则可以修改它来实现 IComparable<T> 或 IComparable 接口。 这要求实现 IComparable<T>.CompareTo 或 CompareTo 方法。 向现有类型添加接口实现不是中断性变更。

  以下示例使用此方法为 Person 类提供 IComparable<T> 实现。 仍然可以调用集合或数组的常规排序方法，并且，如示例的输出所示，集合已成功排序。

  using System;
  using System.Collections.Generic;
  
  public class Person2 : IComparable<Person>
  {
      public Person2(String fName, String lName)
      {
          FirstName = fName;
          LastName = lName;
      }
  
      public String FirstName { get; set; }
      public String LastName { get; set; }
  
      public int CompareTo(Person other)
      {
          return String.Format("{0} {1}", LastName, FirstName).
                 CompareTo(String.Format("{0} {1}", other.LastName, other.FirstName));
      }
  }
  
  public class ListSortEx2
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          var people = new List<Person2>();
  
          people.Add(new Person2("John", "Doe"));
          people.Add(new Person2("Jane", "Doe"));
          people.Sort();
          foreach (var person in people)
              Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", person.FirstName, person.LastName);
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       Jane Doe
  //       John Doe
  

  open System
  
  type Person(firstName: string, lastName: string) =
      member val FirstName = firstName with get, set
      member val LastName = lastName with get, set
      
      interface IComparable<Person> with
          member this.CompareTo(other) =
              compare $"{this.LastName} {this.FirstName}" $"{other.LastName} {other.FirstName}"
  
  let people = ResizeArray()
  
  people.Add(new Person("John", "Doe"))
  people.Add(new Person("Jane", "Doe"))
  people.Sort()
  for person in people do
      printfn $"{person.FirstName} {person.LastName}"
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       Jane Doe
  //       John Doe
  

  Imports System.Collections.Generic
  
  Public Class Person : Implements IComparable(Of Person)
     Public Sub New(fName As String, lName As String)
        FirstName = fName
        LastName = lName
     End Sub
     
     Public Property FirstName As String
     Public Property LastName As String
     
     Public Function CompareTo(other As Person) As Integer _
            Implements IComparable(Of Person).CompareTo
        Return String.Format("{0} {1}", LastName, FirstName).
              CompareTo(String.Format("{0} {1}", other.LastName, other.FirstName))    
     End Function
  End Class
  
  Module Example10
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim people As New List(Of Person)()
  
          people.Add(New Person("John", "Doe"))
          people.Add(New Person("Jane", "Doe"))
          people.Sort()
          For Each person In people
              Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", person.FirstName, person.LastName)
          Next
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       Jane Doe
  '       John Doe
  

• 如果无法修改要排序的类型的源代码，则可以定义实现 IComparer<T> 接口的特殊用途排序类。 可以调用包含 IComparer<T> 参数的 Sort 方法的重载。 如果要开发能够基于多个条件对对象进行排序的专用排序类，此方法特别有用。

  以下示例通过开发用于对 PersonComparer 集合进行排序的自定义 Person 类来使用该方法。 然后，它将此类的实例传递给 List<T>.Sort(IComparer<T>) 方法。

  using System;
  using System.Collections.Generic;
  
  public class Person3
  {
      public Person3(String fName, String lName)
      {
          FirstName = fName;
          LastName = lName;
      }
  
      public String FirstName { get; set; }
      public String LastName { get; set; }
  }
  
  public class PersonComparer : IComparer<Person3>
  {
      public int Compare(Person3 x, Person3 y)
      {
          return String.Format("{0} {1}", x.LastName, x.FirstName).
                 CompareTo(String.Format("{0} {1}", y.LastName, y.FirstName));
      }
  }
  
  public class ListSortEx3
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          var people = new List<Person3>();
  
          people.Add(new Person3("John", "Doe"));
          people.Add(new Person3("Jane", "Doe"));
          people.Sort(new PersonComparer());
          foreach (var person in people)
              Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", person.FirstName, person.LastName);
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       Jane Doe
  //       John Doe
  

  open System
  open System.Collections.Generic
  
  type Person(firstName, lastName) =
      member val FirstName = firstName with get, set
      member val LastName = lastName with get, set
  
  type PersonComparer() =
      interface IComparer<Person> with
          member _.Compare(x: Person, y: Person) =
              $"{x.LastName} {x.FirstName}".CompareTo $"{y.LastName} {y.FirstName}"
  
  let people = ResizeArray()
  
  people.Add(Person("John", "Doe"))
  people.Add(Person("Jane", "Doe"))
  people.Sort(PersonComparer())
  for person in people do
      printfn $"{person.FirstName} {person.LastName}"
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       Jane Doe
  //       John Doe
  

  Imports System.Collections.Generic
  
  Public Class Person11
      Public Sub New(fName As String, lName As String)
          FirstName = fName
          LastName = lName
      End Sub
  
      Public Property FirstName As String
      Public Property LastName As String
  End Class
  
  Public Class PersonComparer : Implements IComparer(Of Person11)
      Public Function Compare(x As Person11, y As Person11) As Integer _
            Implements IComparer(Of Person11).Compare
          Return String.Format("{0} {1}", x.LastName, x.FirstName).
               CompareTo(String.Format("{0} {1}", y.LastName, y.FirstName))
      End Function
  End Class
  
  Module Example11
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim people As New List(Of Person11)()
  
          people.Add(New Person11("John", "Doe"))
          people.Add(New Person11("Jane", "Doe"))
          people.Sort(New PersonComparer())
          For Each person In people
              Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", person.FirstName, person.LastName)
          Next
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       Jane Doe
  '       John Doe
  

• 如果无法修改尝试排序的类型的源代码，可以创建 Comparison<T> 委托来执行排序。 委托签名为

  Function Comparison(Of T)(x As T, y As T) As Integer
  

  int Comparison<T>(T x, T y)
  

  以下示例通过定义 PersonComparison 与委托签名匹配的 Comparison<T> 方法来使用该方法。 然后，它将此委托传递给 List<T>.Sort(Comparison<T>) 方法。

  using System;
  using System.Collections.Generic;
  
  public class Person
  {
     public Person(String fName, String lName)
     {
        FirstName = fName;
        LastName = lName;
     }
  
     public String FirstName { get; set; }
     public String LastName { get; set; }
  }
  
  public class ListSortEx4
  {
     public static void Main()
     {
        var people = new List<Person>();
  
        people.Add(new Person("John", "Doe"));
        people.Add(new Person("Jane", "Doe"));
        people.Sort(PersonComparison);
        foreach (var person in people)
           Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", person.FirstName, person.LastName);
     }
  
     public static int PersonComparison(Person x, Person y)
     {
        return String.Format("{0} {1}", x.LastName, x.FirstName).
               CompareTo(String.Format("{0} {1}", y.LastName, y.FirstName));
     }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       Jane Doe
  //       John Doe
  

  open System
  open System.Collections.Generic
  
  type Person(firstName, lastName) =
      member val FirstName = firstName with get, set
      member val LastName = lastName with get, set
  
  let personComparison (x: Person) (y: Person) =
      $"{x.LastName} {x.FirstName}".CompareTo $"{y.LastName} {y.FirstName}"
  
  let people = ResizeArray()
  
  people.Add(Person("John", "Doe"))
  people.Add(Person("Jane", "Doe"))
  people.Sort personComparison
  for person in people do
      printfn $"{person.FirstName} {person.LastName}"
  
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       Jane Doe
  //       John Doe
  

  Imports System.Collections.Generic
  
  Public Class Person12
      Public Sub New(fName As String, lName As String)
          FirstName = fName
          LastName = lName
      End Sub
  
      Public Property FirstName As String
      Public Property LastName As String
  End Class
  
  Module Example12
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim people As New List(Of Person12)()
  
          people.Add(New Person12("John", "Doe"))
          people.Add(New Person12("Jane", "Doe"))
          people.Sort(AddressOf PersonComparison)
          For Each person In people
              Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", person.FirstName, person.LastName)
          Next
      End Sub
  
      Public Function PersonComparison(x As Person12, y As Person12) As Integer
          Return String.Format("{0} {1}", x.LastName, x.FirstName).
               CompareTo(String.Format("{0} {1}", y.LastName, y.FirstName))
      End Function
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       Jane Doe
  '       John Doe
  

将可为 Null 的 <T> 强制转换为其基础类型

尝试将为 null 的 Nullable<T> 值强制转换为其基础类型会引发 InvalidOperationException 异常，并显示错误消息“可以为 Null 的对象必须具有值”。

以下示例在尝试循环访问包含 InvalidOperationException 值的数组时引发 Nullable(Of Integer) 异常。

using System;
using System.Linq;

public class NullableEx1
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      var queryResult = new int?[] { 1, 2, null, 4 };
      var map = queryResult.Select(nullableInt => (int)nullableInt);

      // Display list.
      foreach (var num in map)
         Console.Write("{0} ", num);
      Console.WriteLine();
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    1 2
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Nullable object must have a value.
//       at System.ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource resource)
//       at Example.<Main>b__0(Nullable`1 nullableInt)
//       at System.Linq.Enumerable.WhereSelectArrayIterator`2.MoveNext()
//       at Example.Main()

open System
open System.Linq

let queryResult = [| Nullable 1; Nullable 2; Nullable(); Nullable 4 |]
let map = queryResult.Select(fun nullableInt -> nullableInt.Value)

// Display list.
for num in map do
    printf $"{num} "
printfn ""
// The example displays the following output:
//    1 2
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Nullable object must have a value.
//       at System.ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource resource)
//       at Example.<Main>b__0(Nullable`1 nullableInt)
//       at System.Linq.Enumerable.WhereSelectArrayIterator`2.MoveNext()
//       at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Imports System.Linq

Module Example13
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim queryResult = New Integer?() {1, 2, Nothing, 4}
        Dim map = queryResult.Select(Function(nullableInt) CInt(nullableInt))

        ' Display list.
        For Each num In map
            Console.Write("{0} ", num)
        Next
        Console.WriteLine()
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays thIe following output:
'    1 2
'    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Nullable object must have a value.
'       at System.ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource resource)
'       at Example.<Main>b__0(Nullable`1 nullableInt)
'       at System.Linq.Enumerable.WhereSelectArrayIterator`2.MoveNext()
'       at Example.Main()

若要防止异常：

• 使用 Nullable<T>.HasValue 属性以仅选择不为 null 的元素。
• 调用其中一个 Nullable<T>.GetValueOrDefault 重载以提供 null 值的默认值。

以下示例同时执行这两项操作以避免 InvalidOperationException 异常。

using System;
using System.Linq;

public class NullableEx2
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      var queryResult = new int?[] { 1, 2, null, 4 };
      var numbers = queryResult.Select(nullableInt => (int)nullableInt.GetValueOrDefault());

      // Display list using Nullable<int>.HasValue.
      foreach (var number in numbers)
         Console.Write("{0} ", number);
      Console.WriteLine();

      numbers = queryResult.Select(nullableInt => (int) (nullableInt.HasValue ? nullableInt : -1));
      // Display list using Nullable<int>.GetValueOrDefault.
      foreach (var number in numbers)
         Console.Write("{0} ", number);
      Console.WriteLine();
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       1 2 0 4
//       1 2 -1 4

open System
open System.Linq

let queryResult = [| Nullable 1; Nullable 2; Nullable(); Nullable 4 |]
let numbers = queryResult.Select(fun nullableInt -> nullableInt.GetValueOrDefault())

// Display list using Nullable<int>.HasValue.
for number in numbers do
    printf $"{number} "
printfn ""

let numbers2 = queryResult.Select(fun nullableInt -> if nullableInt.HasValue then nullableInt.Value else -1)
// Display list using Nullable<int>.GetValueOrDefault.
for number in numbers2 do
    printf $"{number} "
printfn ""
// The example displays the following output:
//       1 2 0 4
//       1 2 -1 4

Imports System.Linq

Module Example14
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim queryResult = New Integer?() {1, 2, Nothing, 4}
        Dim numbers = queryResult.Select(Function(nullableInt) _
                                          CInt(nullableInt.GetValueOrDefault()))
        ' Display list.
        For Each number In numbers
            Console.Write("{0} ", number)
        Next
        Console.WriteLine()

        ' Use -1 to indicate a missing values.
        numbers = queryResult.Select(Function(nullableInt) _
                                      CInt(If(nullableInt.HasValue, nullableInt, -1)))
        ' Display list.
        For Each number In numbers
            Console.Write("{0} ", number)
        Next
        Console.WriteLine()

    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       1 2 0 4
'       1 2 -1 4

对空集合调用了 System.Linq.Enumerable 方法

Enumerable.Aggregate、Enumerable.Average、Enumerable.First、Enumerable.Last、Enumerable.Max、Enumerable.Min、Enumerable.Single 和 Enumerable.SingleOrDefault 方法对序列执行操作并返回单一结果。 当序列为空时，这些方法的一些重载会引发 InvalidOperationException 异常，其他重载则返回 null。 当序列包含多个元素时，Enumerable.SingleOrDefault 方法也会引发 InvalidOperationException 异常。

注意

引发 InvalidOperationException 异常的大多数方法是重载。 请确保理解选择的重载行为。

下表列出了调用某些 System.Linq.Enumerable 方法引发的 InvalidOperationException 异常对象中的异常消息。

方法	消息
Aggregate Average Last Max Min	序列不包含任何元素
First	序列不包含匹配元素
Single SingleOrDefault	序列包含多个匹配元素

消除或处理异常的方式取决于应用程序的假设和调用的特定方法。

• 在不检查空序列的情况下故意调用其中一个方法时，假设该序列为空且空序列是意外的匹配项。 在这种情况下，捕获或重新引发异常是适当的。

• 如果无法检查空序列是否无意中，则可以调用 Enumerable.Any 重载的重载之一，以确定序列是否包含任何元素。

  提示

  如果要处理的数据可能包含大量元素，或者生成序列的操作成本高昂，则生成序列之前调用 Enumerable.Any<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource>, Func<TSource,Boolean>) 方法可以提高性能。

• 如果已调用 Enumerable.First、Enumerable.Last 或 Enumerable.Single，可以替换返回默认值而不是序列成员的备用方法（例如 Enumerable.FirstOrDefault、Enumerable.LastOrDefault 或 Enumerable.SingleOrDefault）。

这些示例提供了其他详细信息。

下面的示例使用 Enumerable.Average 方法计算其值大于 4 的序列的平均值。 由于原始数组中的值不超过 4，序列中不包含任何值，并且该方法将引发 InvalidOperationException 异常。

using System;
using System.Linq;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      int[] data = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
      var average = data.Where(num => num > 4).Average();
      Console.Write("The average of numbers greater than 4 is {0}",
                    average);
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Sequence contains no elements
//       at System.Linq.Enumerable.Average(IEnumerable`1 source)
//       at Example.Main()

open System
open System.Linq

let data = [| 1; 2; 3; 4 |]
let average = 
   data.Where(fun num -> num > 4).Average();
printfn $"The average of numbers greater than 4 is {average}"
// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Sequence contains no elements
//       at System.Linq.Enumerable.Average(IEnumerable`1 source)
//       at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Imports System.Linq

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim data() As Integer = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
      Dim average = data.Where(Function(num) num > 4).Average()
      Console.Write("The average of numbers greater than 4 is {0}",
                    average)
   End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Sequence contains no elements
'       at System.Linq.Enumerable.Average(IEnumerable`1 source)
'       at Example.Main()

在调用处理序列的方法之前，通过调用 Any 方法来确定序列是否包含任何元素，可以消除异常，如以下示例所示。

using System;
using System.Linq;

public class EnumerableEx2
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        int[] dbQueryResults = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
        var moreThan4 = dbQueryResults.Where(num => num > 4);

        if (moreThan4.Any())
            Console.WriteLine("Average value of numbers greater than 4: {0}:",
                              moreThan4.Average());
        else
            // handle empty collection
            Console.WriteLine("The dataset has no values greater than 4.");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       The dataset has no values greater than 4.

open System
open System.Linq

let dbQueryResults = [| 1; 2; 3; 4 |]
let moreThan4 = 
    dbQueryResults.Where(fun num -> num > 4)

if moreThan4.Any() then
    printfn $"Average value of numbers greater than 4: {moreThan4.Average()}:"
else
    // handle empty collection
    printfn "The dataset has no values greater than 4."

// The example displays the following output:
//       The dataset has no values greater than 4.

Imports System.Linq

Module Example1
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim dbQueryResults() As Integer = {1, 2, 3, 4}
        Dim moreThan4 = dbQueryResults.Where(Function(num) num > 4)

        If moreThan4.Any() Then
            Console.WriteLine("Average value of numbers greater than 4: {0}:",
                             moreThan4.Average())
        Else
            ' Handle empty collection. 
            Console.WriteLine("The dataset has no values greater than 4.")
        End If
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       The dataset has no values greater than 4.

Enumerable.First 方法返回序列中的第一项或满足指定条件的序列中的第一个元素。 如果序列为空，因此没有第一个元素，则会引发 InvalidOperationException 异常。

在以下示例中，Enumerable.First<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource>, Func<TSource,Boolean>) 方法引发 InvalidOperationException 异常，因为 dbQueryResults 数组不包含大于 4 的元素。

using System;
using System.Linq;

public class EnumerableEx3
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        int[] dbQueryResults = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };

        var firstNum = dbQueryResults.First(n => n > 4);

        Console.WriteLine("The first value greater than 4 is {0}",
                          firstNum);
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException:
//       Sequence contains no matching element
//       at System.Linq.Enumerable.First[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source, Func`2 predicate)
//       at Example.Main()

open System
open System.Linq

let dbQueryResults = [| 1; 2; 3; 4 |]

let firstNum = dbQueryResults.First(fun n -> n > 4)

printfn $"The first value greater than 4 is {firstNum}"

// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException:
//       Sequence contains no matching element
//       at System.Linq.Enumerable.First[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source, Func`2 predicate)
//       at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Imports System.Linq

Module Example2
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim dbQueryResults() As Integer = {1, 2, 3, 4}

        Dim firstNum = dbQueryResults.First(Function(n) n > 4)

        Console.WriteLine("The first value greater than 4 is {0}",
                        firstNum)
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: 
'       Sequence contains no matching element
'       at System.Linq.Enumerable.First[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source, Func`2 predicate)
'       at Example.Main()

可以调用 Enumerable.FirstOrDefault 方法，而不是 Enumerable.First，以返回指定的或默认值。 如果该方法在序列中找不到第一个元素，则返回该数据类型的默认值。 引用类型默认值为 null，数值数据类型默认值为零，DateTime 类型默认值为 DateTime.MinValue。

注意

解释 Enumerable.FirstOrDefault 方法返回的值通常很复杂，因为类型默认值可以是序列中的有效值。 在这种情况下，可以调用 Enumerable.Any 方法以确定序列在调用 Enumerable.First 方法之前是否具有有效成员。

以下示例调用 Enumerable.FirstOrDefault<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource>, Func<TSource,Boolean>) 方法以防止在上一示例中引发的 InvalidOperationException 异常。

using System;
using System.Linq;

public class EnumerableEx4
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        int[] dbQueryResults = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };

        var firstNum = dbQueryResults.FirstOrDefault(n => n > 4);

        if (firstNum == 0)
            Console.WriteLine("No value is greater than 4.");
        else
            Console.WriteLine("The first value greater than 4 is {0}",
                              firstNum);
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       No value is greater than 4.

open System
open System.Linq

let dbQueryResults = [| 1; 2; 3; 4 |]

let firstNum = dbQueryResults.FirstOrDefault(fun n -> n > 4)

if firstNum = 0 then
    printfn "No value is greater than 4."
else
    printfn $"The first value greater than 4 is {firstNum}"

// The example displays the following output:
//       No value is greater than 4.

Imports System.Linq

Module Example3
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim dbQueryResults() As Integer = {1, 2, 3, 4}

        Dim firstNum = dbQueryResults.FirstOrDefault(Function(n) n > 4)

        If firstNum = 0 Then
            Console.WriteLine("No value is greater than 4.")
        Else
            Console.WriteLine("The first value greater than 4 is {0}",
                           firstNum)
        End If
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       No value is greater than 4.

在没有一个元素的序列上调用 Enumerable.Single 或 Enumerable.SingleOrDefault

Enumerable.Single 方法返回序列的唯一元素，或者序列中满足指定测试的唯一元素。 如果序列中没有元素，或者如果有多个元素，该方法将引发 InvalidOperationException 异常。

当序列不包含任何元素时，可以使用 Enumerable.SingleOrDefault 方法返回指定值，而不是在序列不包含任何元素时引发异常。 但是，当序列包含多个元素时，Enumerable.SingleOrDefault 方法也会引发 InvalidOperationException 异常。

下表列出了调用 Enumerable.Single 和 Enumerable.SingleOrDefault 方法引发的 InvalidOperationException 异常对象中的异常消息。

方法	消息
Single	序列不包含匹配元素
Single SingleOrDefault	序列包含多个匹配元素

在下面的示例中，对 Enumerable.Single 方法的调用会引发 InvalidOperationException 异常，因为序列中没有大于 4 的元素。

using System;
using System.Linq;

public class EnumerableEx5
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        int[] dbQueryResults = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };

        var singleObject = dbQueryResults.Single(value => value > 4);

        // Display results.
        Console.WriteLine("{0} is the only value greater than 4", singleObject);
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException:
//       Sequence contains no matching element
//       at System.Linq.Enumerable.Single[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source, Func`2 predicate)
//       at Example.Main()

open System
open System.Linq

let dbQueryResults = [| 1; 2; 3; 4 |]

let singleObject = dbQueryResults.Single(fun value -> value > 4)

// Display results.
printfn $"{singleObject} is the only value greater than 4"

// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException:
//       Sequence contains no matching element
//       at System.Linq.Enumerable.Single[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source, Func`2 predicate)
//       at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Imports System.Linq

Module Example4
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim dbQueryResults() As Integer = {1, 2, 3, 4}

        Dim singleObject = dbQueryResults.Single(Function(value) value > 4)

        ' Display results.
        Console.WriteLine("{0} is the only value greater than 4",
                         singleObject)
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: 
'       Sequence contains no matching element
'       at System.Linq.Enumerable.Single[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source, Func`2 predicate)
'       at Example.Main()

以下示例尝试通过调用 Enumerable.SingleOrDefault 方法来防止序列为空时引发的 InvalidOperationException 异常。 但是，由于此序列返回其值大于 2 的多个元素，因此也会引发 InvalidOperationException 异常。

using System;
using System.Linq;

public class EnumerableEx6
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        int[] dbQueryResults = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };

        var singleObject = dbQueryResults.SingleOrDefault(value => value > 2);

        if (singleObject != 0)
            Console.WriteLine("{0} is the only value greater than 2",
                              singleObject);
        else
            // Handle an empty collection.
            Console.WriteLine("No value is greater than 2");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException:
//       Sequence contains more than one matching element
//       at System.Linq.Enumerable.SingleOrDefault[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source, Func`2 predicate)
//       at Example.Main()

open System
open System.Linq

let dbQueryResults = [| 1; 2; 3; 4 |]

let singleObject = dbQueryResults.SingleOrDefault(fun value -> value > 2)

if singleObject <> 0 then
    printfn $"{singleObject} is the only value greater than 2"
else
    // Handle an empty collection.
    printfn "No value is greater than 2"
    
// The example displays the following output:
//    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException:
//       Sequence contains more than one matching element
//       at System.Linq.Enumerable.SingleOrDefault[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source, Func`2 predicate)
//       at <StartupCode$fs>.main()

Imports System.Linq

Module Example5
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim dbQueryResults() As Integer = {1, 2, 3, 4}

        Dim singleObject = dbQueryResults.SingleOrDefault(Function(value) value > 2)

        If singleObject <> 0 Then
            Console.WriteLine("{0} is the only value greater than 2",
                             singleObject)
        Else
            ' Handle an empty collection.
            Console.WriteLine("No value is greater than 2")
        End If
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: 
'       Sequence contains more than one matching element
'       at System.Linq.Enumerable.SingleOrDefault[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source, Func`2 predicate)
'       at Example.Main()

调用 Enumerable.Single 方法假定序列或满足指定条件的序列仅包含一个元素。 Enumerable.SingleOrDefault 假定序列包含零个或一个结果，但没有更多结果。 如果此假设是你的故意假设，并且这些条件未得到满足，则重新引发或捕获生成的 InvalidOperationException 是适当的。 否则，或者如果预计这些无效的条件将以某种频率发生，应该考虑使用其他 Enumerable 方法（如 FirstOrDefault 或 Where）。

动态跨应用程序域域访问

如果 OpCodes.Ldflda 包含要检索其地址的字段的对象不在执行代码的应用程序域中，则公共中间语言 （CIL） 指令将引发 InvalidOperationException 异常。 只能从它所在的应用程序域访问字段的地址。

引发 InvalidOperationException 异常

仅当出于某种原因的对象状态不支持特定方法调用时，才应引发 InvalidOperationException 异常。 也就是说，方法调用在某些情况下或上下文有效，但在其他情况下无效。

如果由于无效参数造成方法调用失败，则应该转为引发 ArgumentException 或其派生类之一（ArgumentNullException 或 ArgumentOutOfRangeException 异常）。