锁定和解锁文件中的字节范围
尽管系统允许多个应用程序打开文件并向其写入文件，但应用程序不能写入彼此的工作。 应用程序可以通过暂时锁定文件中的字节范围来防止此问题。
LockFile 和 LockFileEx 函数锁定文件中的指定字节范围。 范围可能超出文件的当前末尾。 锁定文件的一部分使锁定进程的线程能够使用指定的文件句柄对指定的字节范围进行独占访问。 尝试访问被另一个进程锁定的字节范围始终失败。 如果锁定进程尝试通过第二个文件句柄访问锁定的字节范围，则尝试失败。
注意
使用内存映射文件时，将忽略字节范围锁。
LockFileEx 函数允许应用程序指定两种类型的锁之一。 独占锁拒绝所有其他进程对文件的指定字节范围进行读取和写入访问。 共享锁拒绝所有进程对文件的指定字节范围进行写入访问，包括首先锁定字节范围的进程。 这可用于在文件中创建只读字节范围。
应用程序使用 UnlockFile 或 UnlockFileEx 函数解锁字节范围，应在关闭文件之前解锁所有锁定的区域。
有关使用 LockFile 的示例，请参阅 将一个文件追加到另一个文件。
以下示例演示如何使用 LockFileEx。 第一个示例是创建文件、向其写入一些数据，然后将节锁定在中间的简单演示。
注意 此示例在锁定文件后不会更改数据。
// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
//
// Copyright (C) Microsoft. All rights reserved
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define NUMWRITES 10
#define TESTSTRLEN 11
const char TestData[NUMWRITES][TESTSTRLEN] =
{
"TestData0\n",
"TestData1\n",
"TestData2\n",
"TestData3\n",
"TestData4\n",
"TestData5\n",
"TestData6\n",
"TestData7\n",
"TestData8\n",
"TestData9\n"
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
BOOL fSuccess = FALSE;
// Create the file, open for both read and write.
HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(TEXT("datafile.txt"),
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
0, // open with exclusive access
NULL, // no security attributes
CREATE_NEW, // creating a new temp file
0, // not overlapped index/O
NULL);
if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
// Handle the error.
printf("CreateFile failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (1);
}
// Write some data to the file.
DWORD dwNumBytesWritten = 0;
for (int i=0; i<NUMWRITES; i++)
{
fSuccess = WriteFile(hFile,
TestData[i],
TESTSTRLEN,
&dwNumBytesWritten,
NULL); // sync operation.
if (!fSuccess)
{
// Handle the error.
printf("WriteFile failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (2);
}
}
FlushFileBuffers(hFile);
// Lock the 4th write-section.
// First, set up the Overlapped structure with the file offset
// required by LockFileEx, three lines in to the file.
OVERLAPPED sOverlapped;
sOverlapped.Offset = TESTSTRLEN * 3;
sOverlapped.OffsetHigh = 0;
// Actually lock the file. Specify exclusive access, and fail
// immediately if the lock cannot be obtained.
fSuccess = LockFileEx(hFile, // exclusive access,
LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK |
LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY,
0, // reserved, must be zero
TESTSTRLEN, // number of bytes to lock
0,
&sOverlapped); // contains the file offset
if (!fSuccess)
{
// Handle the error.
printf ("LockFileEx failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (3);
}
else printf("LockFileEx succeeded\n");
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Add code that does something interesting to locked section, /
// which should be line 4 /
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Unlock the file.
fSuccess = UnlockFileEx(hFile,
0, // reserved, must be zero
TESTSTRLEN, // num. of bytes to unlock
0,
&sOverlapped); // contains the file offset
if (!fSuccess)
{
// Handle the error.
printf ("UnlockFileEx failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (4);
}
else printf("UnlockFileEx succeeded\n");
// Clean up handles, memory, and the created file.
fSuccess = CloseHandle(hFile);
if (!fSuccess)
{
// Handle the error.
printf ("CloseHandle failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (5);
}
fSuccess = DeleteFile(TEXT("datafile.txt"));
if (!fSuccess)
{
// Handle the error.
printf ("DeleteFile failed (%d)\n", GetLastError());
return (6);
}
return (0);
}
以下示例是字节范围锁定的高级演示，它使用多个线程和一个对单个数据文件执行随机操作的简单数据库。 有关详细信息，请参阅嵌入式代码注释和示例代码后面的部分。
// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
//
// Copyright (C) Microsoft. All rights reserved
#define UNICODE
#define _CRT_RAND_S
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <winioctl.h>
#define RECORD_SIZE 0x300
#define NUM_RECORDS 0x1000
#define NUM_THREADS 8
#define NUM_FILEOPS 500
#define BITMAP_SIZE ((NUM_RECORDS) / 8)
#define DATA_SIZE ((RECORD_SIZE) - sizeof(RECORD_HEADER))
#define MSG_PRINTF(S,...) wprintf(L"[THREAD_ID %d] " S, \
GetCurrentThreadId(), \
__VA_ARGS__)
#if defined BRLS_DEBUG
#define DBG_PRINTF(S,...) wprintf(L"[THREAD_ID %d] " S, \
GetCurrentThreadId(), \
__VA_ARGS__)
#else
#define DBG_PRINTF(...)
#define PrintBitmap(...)
#endif
#define MASTER_RECORD_TYPE_CODE 'rtsM'
#define DATA_RECORD_TYPE_CODE 'ataD'
//
// Record type definitions.
//
typedef struct _RECORD_HEADER {
ULONG TypeCode; // Either MASTER_RECORD_TYPE_CODE or DATA_RECORD_TYPE_CODE.
ULONG SeqNumber; // Starts at 1 and is incremented every time contents are modified.
} RECORD_HEADER;
typedef struct _MASTER_RECORD {
RECORD_HEADER Header;
BYTE Bitmap[BITMAP_SIZE]; // A bitmap indicating which records are allocated.
} MASTER_RECORD;
typedef struct _DATA_RECORD {
RECORD_HEADER Header;
BYTE Data[DATA_SIZE]; // Record raw data.
} DATA_RECORD;
//
// Types of I/O for IoRecord.
//
typedef enum {
IoRead,
IoWrite,
IoLock,
IoUnlock
} IO_TYPE;
//
// Types of operations for OperateOnRecord.
//
typedef enum {
CreateRecord = 0,
DeleteRecord,
ModifyRecord,
MaxOprRecord
} OPERATION;
//
// Parameter block for I/Os passed to IoRecord.
//
typedef struct _IO_PARAM {
IO_TYPE Type;
union _IO_PARAM_PARAMS {
struct {
PVOID Data;
ULONG RecSize;
} IoInfo;
struct {
BOOL Exclusive;
} LockInfo ;
} Params;
} IO_PARAM, *PIO_PARAM;
void ErrorExitThread()
//
// This function is called immediately after an unrecoverable error is logged.
//
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"An error has been logged, calling ExitThread.\n");
ExitThread(1);
}
BOOL IoRecord(HANDLE hFile, ULONG RecNumber, PIO_PARAM pIoParam)
//
// This function performs I/O (read, write, lock or unlock) in a record, according
// to the parameters passed in the IO_PARAM block.
//
// Arguments:
// hFile - Handle to the file containing the records.
// RecNumber - Number of the record to be operated on.
// pIoParam - Pointer to IO_PARAM structure.
//
// Return value:
// TRUE if the I/O succeeded, FALSE if not.
//
{
OVERLAPPED Overlapped;
BOOL Result;
ULARGE_INTEGER RecOffset;
DWORD NumBytes;
// Initialize Overlapped.
SecureZeroMemory(&Overlapped, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
Overlapped.hEvent = CreateEvent(NULL,
FALSE,
FALSE,
NULL);
if (NULL == Overlapped.hEvent)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"CreateEvent for Overlapped.hEvent failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Calculate record position.
RecOffset.QuadPart = RecNumber * RECORD_SIZE;
Overlapped.Offset = RecOffset.LowPart;
Overlapped.OffsetHigh = RecOffset.HighPart;
// Issue the operation.
switch (pIoParam->Type)
{
case IoLock:
Result = LockFileEx(hFile,
pIoParam->Params.LockInfo.Exclusive ? LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK : 0,
0,
RECORD_SIZE,
0,
&Overlapped);
break;
case IoUnlock:
Result = UnlockFileEx(hFile,
0,
RECORD_SIZE,
0,
&Overlapped);
break;
case IoRead:
Result = ReadFile(hFile,
pIoParam->Params.IoInfo.Data,
pIoParam->Params.IoInfo.RecSize,
NULL,
&Overlapped);
break;
case IoWrite:
Result = WriteFile(hFile,
pIoParam->Params.IoInfo.Data,
pIoParam->Params.IoInfo.RecSize,
NULL,
&Overlapped);
break;
default:
Result = FALSE;
break;
}
if (!Result)
{
if (GetLastError() == ERROR_IO_PENDING)
{
// Wait until the operation finishes.
if (GetOverlappedResult(hFile,
&Overlapped,
&NumBytes,
TRUE) == FALSE)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"GetOverlappedResult for Overlapped.hEvent failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
Result = TRUE;
} else {
MSG_PRINTF(L"IoRecord failed with error 0x%08x. Failure passed to caller.\n",
GetLastError());
}
}
CloseHandle(Overlapped.hEvent);
return Result;
}
//
// The following functions are wrappers around IoRecord, they just set the correct
// parameters in the IO_PARAM block to correspond to the requested operation and
// pass that to IoRecord.
//
BOOL ReadRecord(HANDLE hFile, ULONG RecNumber, PVOID Record, ULONG RecSize)
{
IO_PARAM IoParam;
IoParam.Type = IoRead;
IoParam.Params.IoInfo.Data = Record;
IoParam.Params.IoInfo.RecSize = RecSize;
return IoRecord(hFile, RecNumber, &IoParam);
}
BOOL WriteRecord(HANDLE hFile, ULONG RecNumber, PVOID Record, ULONG RecSize)
{
IO_PARAM IoParam;
IoParam.Type = IoWrite;
IoParam.Params.IoInfo.Data = Record;
IoParam.Params.IoInfo.RecSize = RecSize;
return IoRecord(hFile, RecNumber, &IoParam);
}
BOOL LockRecord(HANDLE hFile, ULONG RecNumber, BOOL Exclusive)
{
IO_PARAM IoParam;
IoParam.Type = IoLock;
IoParam.Params.LockInfo.Exclusive = Exclusive;
return IoRecord(hFile, RecNumber, &IoParam);
}
BOOL UnlockRecord(HANDLE hFile, ULONG RecNumber)
{
IO_PARAM IoParam;
IoParam.Type = IoUnlock;
return IoRecord(hFile, RecNumber, &IoParam);
}
ULONG ReserveFirstFreeRecord(BYTE* Bitmap)
//
// This function iterates through the bitmap and reserves the first free record
// it can find in the bitmap.
//
// Arguments:
// Bitmap - Pointer to the bitmap.
//
// Return value:
// Either zero, if there are no free records, or the position of the record
// that was just reserved.
//
{
int i;
BYTE Bit = 1;
for (i = 0; i < NUM_RECORDS; i++)
{
if (Bitmap[i / 8] & Bit)
{
Bit <<= 1;
if (Bit == 0) { Bit = 1; }
} else {
Bitmap[i / 8] |= Bit;
return i;
}
}
return 0;
}
BOOL TestBit(BYTE* Bitmap, ULONG Bit)
//
// This function tests if a given bit is set in the bitmap.
//
// Arguments:
// Bitmap - Pointer to the bitmap.
// Bit - Position of the bit in the bitmap.
//
// Return value:
// TRUE if the bit is set, FALSE otherwise.
//
{
ULONG Byte = Bit / 8;
Bit = Bit % 8;
return (BOOL)(Bitmap[Byte] & (1 << Bit));
}
void ClearBit(BYTE* Bitmap, ULONG Bit)
//
// This function clears a given bit in the bitmap.
//
// Arguments:
// Bitmap - Pointer to the bitmap.
// Bit - Position of the bit in the bitmap.
//
{
ULONG Byte = Bit / 8;
Bit = Bit % 8;
Bitmap[Byte] &= ~(1 << Bit);
}
#ifdef BRLS_DEBUG
void PrintBitmap(BYTE* Bitmap)
//
// This function prints the whole bitmap, for debugging purposes.
//
// Arguments:
// Bitmap - Pointer to the bitmap.
//
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
{
wprintf(L"%1x", Bitmap[i]);
}
wprintf(L"\n");
}
#endif
void InitRecord(RECORD_HEADER* Record, BOOL Master, ULONG SeqNumber)
//
// This function initializes a in-memory record structure with the correct
// type code and sequence number. In case of the Master Record, the bitmap
// is initialized too.
//
// Arguments:
// Record - Pointer to the record structure.
// Master - TRUE if this is a Master Record, FALSE otherwise.
// SeqNumber - Initial sequence number.
//
{
ULONG RecSize = Master ? sizeof(MASTER_RECORD) : sizeof(DATA_RECORD);
ULONG TypeCode = Master ? MASTER_RECORD_TYPE_CODE : DATA_RECORD_TYPE_CODE;
SecureZeroMemory(Record, RecSize);
Record->TypeCode = TypeCode;
Record->SeqNumber = Master ? 0 : SeqNumber;
if (Master)
{
((MASTER_RECORD*)Record)->Bitmap[0] = 1;
}
}
DATA_RECORD* PrepareRecord(ULONG SeqNumber)
//
// This function allocates a new in-memory record structure and initializes it
// as a brand new data record.
//
// Arguments:
// SeqNumber - Sequence number with which to initialize the record.
//
// Return value:
// Pointer to the record structure.
//
{
DATA_RECORD* Record = NULL;
Record = (DATA_RECORD*) malloc(sizeof(DATA_RECORD));
if (Record == NULL)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"Critical error: malloc for CreateRecord failed.\n");
ErrorExitThread();
}
InitRecord((RECORD_HEADER*)Record, FALSE, SeqNumber);
return Record;
}
void WriteData(DATA_RECORD* Record)
//
// This function fills a in-memory data record structure with random data.
// Errors do not interrupt execution.
//
// Arguments:
// Record - Pointer to the record structure.
//
{
PUINT iData;
int i;
errno_t err;
iData = (PUINT)Record->Data;
for (i = 0; i < DATA_SIZE; i += sizeof(ULONG), iData++)
{
err = rand_s(iData);
if (err != 0)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"rand_s for WriteData failed with error 0x%08x, continuing execution.\n",
err);
}
}
}
BOOL OperateOnRecord(HANDLE hFile, PULONG RecNumber, OPERATION Operation)
//
// This function executes a high-level operation in a record (create, modify or delete).
//
// Arguments:
// hFile - Handle to the file containing the record to be operated on.
// RecNumber - Pointer to a ULONG that either will receive the number of the
// record created by this operation or just contains the number
// of the record that will be modified or deleted.
// Operation - Operation to be performed (CreateRecord, ModifyRecord or
// DeleteRecord).
//
// Return value:
// TRUE if the operation succeeded, FALSE otherwise.
//
{
BOOL Result;
BOOL Exists;
BOOL ExclusiveLock;
MASTER_RECORD MasterRecord;
DATA_RECORD* Record;
// Fail operations on Master Record.
if ((Operation != CreateRecord) && (*RecNumber == 0))
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"Cannot operate on Master Record.\n");
return FALSE;
}
// Lock Master Record. If we're just modifying a record, we can get a
// shared lock.
ExclusiveLock = (Operation != ModifyRecord);
Result = LockRecord(hFile, 0, ExclusiveLock);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"LockRecord (MasterRecord) for OperateOnRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Read in Master Record.
Result = ReadRecord(hFile, 0, (PVOID)&MasterRecord, sizeof(MASTER_RECORD));
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"ReadRecord (MasterRecord) for OperateOnRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
if (MasterRecord.Header.TypeCode != MASTER_RECORD_TYPE_CODE)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"Master Record corruption error: wrong typecode!\n");
ErrorExitThread();
}
DBG_PRINTF(L"MasterRecord bitmap (before): ");
PrintBitmap(MasterRecord.Bitmap);
if (Operation != CreateRecord)
{
// Test the bit in the bitmap corresponding to this record.
Exists = TestBit(MasterRecord.Bitmap, *RecNumber);
// Clear the bit if we are deleting the record.
if ((Operation == DeleteRecord) && Exists)
{
ClearBit(MasterRecord.Bitmap, *RecNumber);
}
} else {
// Reserve the first free record.
*RecNumber = ReserveFirstFreeRecord(MasterRecord.Bitmap);
if (*RecNumber != 0)
{
Exists = TRUE;
} else {
Exists = FALSE;
MSG_PRINTF(L"File is full!\n");
}
}
DBG_PRINTF(L"MasterRecord bitmap (after): ");
PrintBitmap(MasterRecord.Bitmap);
if ((Operation != ModifyRecord) && Exists)
{
// Update the Master Record's sequence number.
MasterRecord.Header.SeqNumber++;
// Write Master Record down.
Result = WriteRecord(hFile, 0, (PVOID)&MasterRecord, sizeof(MASTER_RECORD));
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"WriteRecord (MasterRecord) for CreateRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
}
// Unlock Master Record.
Result = UnlockRecord(hFile, 0);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"UnlockRecord (MasterRecord) for OperateOnRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
if (!Exists)
{
if (*RecNumber != 0)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"Record %d not present!\n", *RecNumber);
}
return FALSE;
}
// For record deletion, processing is done and skip to write.
// Otherwise, there is more to do.
if (Operation != DeleteRecord)
{
// Prepare a new record in memory.
Record = PrepareRecord(1);
// Lock the record exclusively.
Result = LockRecord(hFile, *RecNumber, TRUE);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"LockRecord for ModifyRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
if (Operation == ModifyRecord)
{
// Read the record in from the file if we're modifying it.
Result = ReadRecord(hFile, *RecNumber, Record, RECORD_SIZE);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"ReadRecord for ModifyRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Update record sequence number.
Record->Header.SeqNumber++;
}
// Write to the in-memory record.
WriteData(Record);
// Write the record to the file.
Result = WriteRecord(hFile, *RecNumber, Record, RECORD_SIZE);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"WriteRecord for ModifyRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Unlock the record.
Result = UnlockRecord(hFile, *RecNumber);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"UnlockRecord for ModifyRecord failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Free the record structure.
free(Record);
}
return TRUE;
}
ULONG RandomOption(ULONG NumOpts)
//
// This function returns a random number between 0 and (NumOpts - 1).
// It basically is a random option select.
//
// Arguments:
// NumOpts - Number of options to choose from.
//
// Return value:
// A random option (random ULONG x | 0 <= x < NumOpts).
//
{
UINT Random;
errno_t err;
err = rand_s(&Random);
if (err != 0)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"rand_s for RandomOption failed with error 0x%08x\n",
err);
}
return Random % NumOpts;
}
DWORD WINAPI WorkerThread(PVOID data)
//
// This is the tight loop executed by each of the threads operating in the file.
// Each thread has its own handle to the same file. After obtaining that handle,
// they go into a tight loop in which a record number and a record operation are
// chosen at random and that operation is then performed in that record.
//
// Arguments:
// Data - PVOID to a string containing the file name (so it can be opened).
//
// Return value:
// It should not return.
//
{
HANDLE hFile;
LPCWSTR FileName = (LPCWSTR)data;
ULONG RecNumber;
OPERATION Operation;
BOOL Result;
UINT i;
hFile = CreateFile(FileName,
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
NULL,
OPEN_EXISTING,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED,
NULL);
if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"CreateFile failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
ErrorExitThread();
}
// Main loop for doing the random operations.
for (i = 0; i < NUM_FILEOPS; i++)
{
RecNumber = RandomOption(NUM_RECORDS);
Operation = (OPERATION)RandomOption(MaxOprRecord);
// Output message as to what action is being attempted.
switch (Operation)
{
case CreateRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"attempting record creation.\n");
break;
case ModifyRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"attempting modification of record %d.\n", RecNumber);
break;
case DeleteRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"attempting deletion of record %d.\n", RecNumber);
break;
}
// Perform the actual operation and handle the result,
// then loop again until done.
Result = OperateOnRecord(hFile, &RecNumber, Operation);
if (Result)
{
switch (Operation)
{
case CreateRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"created record %d.\n", RecNumber);
break;
case ModifyRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"modified record %d.\n", RecNumber);
break;
case DeleteRecord:
MSG_PRINTF(L"deleted record %d.\n", RecNumber);
break;
}
}
}
CloseHandle(hFile);
MSG_PRINTF(L"%d file operations complete. Exiting thread.\n", i);
return 0;
}
BOOL InitNewFile(LPCWSTR FileName)
//
// This function initializes a file with records. If the file already exists, it
// just returns, assuming it has a valid Master Record on it. If it does not
// exist, a brand new file is created and initialized with a clean Master Record.
//
// Arguments:
// FileName - Name of the file to be initialized.
//
// Return value:
// TRUE if the initialization succeeded, FALSE otherwise.
//
{
HANDLE hFile;
MASTER_RECORD MasterRecord;
DWORD BytesWritten;
DWORD Result;
//
// Create the file or open existing.
//
hFile = CreateFile(FileName,
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
NULL,
OPEN_ALWAYS,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
NULL);
if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFile)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"CreateFile failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
return FALSE;
}
else if (ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS == GetLastError())
{
// This is ok, simply assume it's a valid file.
// Note that this does not actually test that the file
// is valid for this application. That error is caught later.
CloseHandle(hFile);
return TRUE;
} // The implied "else" is that the handle is a good one.
InitRecord((RECORD_HEADER*)&MasterRecord, TRUE, 0);
Result = WriteFile(hFile,
&MasterRecord,
sizeof(MASTER_RECORD),
&BytesWritten,
NULL);
if (!Result)
{
MSG_PRINTF(L"WriteFile failed with error 0x%08x.\n",
GetLastError());
}
CloseHandle(hFile);
return Result;
}
int __cdecl wmain(int argc, LPCWSTR argv[])
//
// Main function. Reads file name from command line argument, initializes the file
// and starts the worker threads, waiting for them to return.
//
{
HANDLE gThread[NUM_THREADS];
DWORD IdThread;
DWORD ResultCode;
LPCWSTR FileName = NULL;
if (argc != 2) {
wprintf(L"Invalid number of arguments!\n");
wprintf(L"Usage: %ws file_name\n", argv[0]);
return -1;
}
FileName = argv[1];
if (!InitNewFile(FileName))
{
wprintf(L"Unable to initialize the data file %ws.\n", FileName);
}
wprintf(L"Main thread creating %d worker threads for processing.\n",
NUM_THREADS);
for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++)
{
gThread[i] = CreateThread(NULL,
0,
(LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE)WorkerThread,
(PVOID)FileName,
0,
&IdThread);
}
wprintf(L"Main thread waiting for worker threads to exit...\n");
ResultCode = WaitForMultipleObjects(
NUM_THREADS,
gThread,
TRUE,
INFINITE);
wprintf(L"WaitForMultipleObjects returned 0x%08x, execution complete.\n",
ResultCode);
// Do some clean-up.
for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++)
{
CloseHandle(gThread[i]);
}
return 0;
}
此示例是一个 Windows 控制台应用程序，它执行对文件的多个并发访问，所有这些访问都由字节范围锁使用简单的数据库进行协调，该数据库由多个固定大小的记录组成。 请注意，真正的并发取决于主机系统上存在的处理器核心数。
所有记录都有前两个共同字段：类型代码和序列号。 类型代码是两个代码之一：“Mstr”代码引用 MASTER_RECORD 类型，“数据”代码引用 DATA_RECORD 类型。 只能有一 个MASTER_RECORD 和零个或多个 DATA_RECORD。 对于此示例，数据记录中包含的数据是随机生成的。 每次修改记录时，第二个字段（序列号）都会递增。
执行开始时，如果数据文件尚不存在，则由 InitNewFile 函数创建并初始化数据文件。 InitNewFile 函数写入 Master 类型的记录，开头为空位图。 如果文件已存在，则会打开它;假定在开头具有有效的主记录。
成功创建或成功打开文件后，将启动多个工作线程，所有这些工作线程都运行一个循环，在该循环中随机选择一个操作和记录，然后对该记录尝试该操作。 由于这些操作是随机的，因此并非所有操作都成功，但不一定是错误。 相应的状态信息将记录到控制台。
可能的操作如下所示：创建新记录、修改现有记录或删除现有记录。 创建操作查看位图以查找第一条可用记录，并将该记录分配为新记录。 修改操作读取位图以查看该记录是否确实存在，如果是，则修改该记录。 删除操作清除与记录对应的位图中的位，释放记录占用的空间供将来分配。 此外，这些操作分为两个部分：对 MasterRecord 的访问（其中存储元数据）和对数据记录本身的访问。
由于它们将数据写入数据记录，因此记录创建和记录修改操作是唯一需要数据记录访问的操作。 因此，记录所涵盖的区域在执行操作之前被专门锁定。 创建和删除操作会修改位图，因此它们需要以独占方式锁定主记录。 但是，记录修改操作只需要读取位图，而不是写入位图，即可验证文件是否存在。 对于该操作，主记录只需要共享字节范围锁。
独占字节范围锁阻止从所有其他句柄对文件进行读取和写入访问，这也是在写入记录时使用它们的原因。 另一方面，共享字节范围锁会阻止所有句柄（包括拥有锁的句柄）的写入访问，但允许从所有这些句柄进行读取访问。
为了演示如何对文件使用字节范围锁，本示例中除新文件初始化外的所有 I/O 都通过异步文件句柄完成。 这可以在 switch 语句中的 IoLock 和 IoUnlock 事例的 IoRecord 函数中看到。 LockFileEx 和 UnlockFileEx 函数用于重叠的 I/O 模型，方法是将 OVERLAPPED 结构与锁定范围开始的偏移量传递给它们，并在授予锁定该范围的锁定后发出信号的事件，除非函数立即返回。
发出异步 I/O 请求后， IoRecord 函数中的下一个操作是等待内联操作。 当需要最佳性能时，这通常是一个欠佳方案，为了简单起见，此处使用。 在生产应用程序中，首选使用 I/O 完成端口 或类似机制，因为它在 I/O 完成时释放线程以执行其他处理。
示例在执行 NUM_FILEOPS 随机操作后结束。 每个线程将其终止状态记录为错误条件或正常终止。 请注意，并非所有线程都会同时结束，具体取决于主机系统具有的处理器核心数和 I/O 子系统的速度。
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