Breaking changes in EF Core 5.0
The following API and behavior changes have the potential to break existing applications updating to EF Core 5.0.0.
Summary
Medium-impact changes
EF Core 5.0 does not support .NET Framework
Old behavior
EF Core 3.1 targets .NET Standard 2.0, which is supported by .NET Framework.
New behavior
EF Core 5.0 targets .NET Standard 2.1, which is not supported by .NET Framework. This means EF Core 5.0 cannot be used with .NET Framework applications.
Why
This is part of the wider movement across .NET teams aimed at unification to a single .NET target framework. For more information see the future of .NET Standard.
Mitigations
.NET Framework applications can continue to use EF Core 3.1, which is a long-term support (LTS) release. Alternately, applications can be updated to use .NET Core 3.1 or .NET 5, both of which support .NET Standard 2.1.
IProperty.GetColumnName() is now obsolete
Old behavior
GetColumnName() returned the name of the column that a property is mapped to.
New behavior
GetColumnName() still returns the name of a column that a property is mapped to, but this behavior is now ambiguous since EF Core 5 supports TPT and simultaneous mapping to a view or a function where these mappings could use different column names for the same property.
Why
We marked this method as obsolete to guide users to a more accurate overload - GetColumnName(IProperty, StoreObjectIdentifier).
Mitigations
If the entity type is only ever mapped to a single table, and never to views, functions, or multiple tables, the GetColumnBaseName(IReadOnlyProperty) can be used in EF Core 5.0 and 6.0 to obtain the table name. For example:
var columnName = property.GetColumnBaseName();
In EF Core 7.0, this can again be replaced with the new GetColumnName, which behaves as the original did for simple, single table only mappings.
If the entity type may be mapped to views, functions, or multiple tables, then a StoreObjectIdentifier must be obtained to identity the table, view, or function. This can be then be used to get the column name for that store object. For example:
var columnName = property.GetColumnName(StoreObjectIdentifier.Table("Users", null)));
Precision and scale are required for decimals
Old behavior
EF Core did not normally set precision and scale on SqlParameter objects. This means the full precision and scale was sent to SQL Server, at which point SQL Server would round based on the precision and scale of the database column.
New behavior
EF Core now sets precision and scale on parameters using the values configured for properties in the EF Core model. This means rounding now happens in SqlClient. Consequentially, if the configured precision and scale do not match the database precision and scale, then the rounding seen may change.
Why
Newer SQL Server features, including Always Encrypted, require that parameter facets are fully specified. In addition, SqlClient made a change to round instead of truncate decimal values, thereby matching the SQL Server behavior. This made it possible for EF Core to set these facets without changing the behavior for correctly configured decimals.
Mitigations
Map your decimal properties using a type name that includes precision and scale. For example:
public class Blog
{
public int Id { get; set; }
[Column(TypeName = "decimal(16, 5)")]
public decimal Score { get; set; }
}
Or use HasPrecision in the model building APIs. For example:
protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
modelBuilder.Entity<Blog>().Property(e => e.Score).HasPrecision(16, 5);
}
Required or non-nullable navigation from principal to dependent has different semantics
Old behavior
Only the navigations to principal could be configured as required. Therefore, using RequiredAttribute on the navigation to the dependent (the entity containing the foreign key) or marking it as non-nullable would instead create the foreign key on the defining entity type.
New behavior
With the added support for required dependents, it is now possible to mark any reference navigation as required, meaning that in the case shown above the foreign key will be defined on the other side of the relationship and the properties won't be marked as required.
Calling IsRequired before specifying the dependent end is now ambiguous:
modelBuilder.Entity<Blog>()
.HasOne(b => b.BlogImage)
.WithOne(i => i.Blog)
.IsRequired()
.HasForeignKey<BlogImage>(b => b.BlogForeignKey);
Why
The new behavior is necessary to enable support for required dependents (see #12100).
Mitigations
Remove RequiredAttribute from the navigation to the dependent and place it instead on the navigation to the principal or configure the relationship in OnModelCreating:
modelBuilder.Entity<Blog>()
.HasOne(b => b.BlogImage)
.WithOne(i => i.Blog)
.HasForeignKey<BlogImage>(b => b.BlogForeignKey)
.IsRequired();
Defining query is replaced with provider-specific methods
Old behavior
Entity types were mapped to defining queries at the Core level. Anytime the entity type was used in the query root of the entity type was replaced by the defining query for any provider.
New behavior
APIs for defining query are deprecated. New provider-specific APIs were introduced.
Why
While defining queries were implemented as replacement query whenever query root is used in the query, it had a few issues:
- If defining query is projecting entity type using
new { ... }inSelectmethod, then identifying that as an entity required additional work and made it inconsistent with how EF Core treats nominal types in the query. - For relational providers
FromSqlis still needed to pass the SQL string in LINQ expression form.
Initially defining queries were introduced as client-side views to be used with In-Memory provider for keyless entities (similar to database views in relational databases). Such definition makes it easy to test application against in-memory database. Afterwards they became broadly applicable, which was useful but brought inconsistent and hard to understand behavior. So we decided to simplify the concept. We made LINQ based defining query exclusive to In-Memory provider and treat them differently. For more information, see this issue.
Mitigations
For relational providers, use ToSqlQuery method in OnModelCreating and pass in a SQL string to use for the entity type.
For the In-Memory provider, use ToInMemoryQuery method in OnModelCreating and pass in a LINQ query to use for the entity type.
Non-null reference navigations are not overwritten by queries
Old behavior
In EF Core 3.1, reference navigations eagerly initialized to non-null values would sometimes be overwritten by entity instances from the database, regardless of whether or not key values matched. However, in other cases, EF Core 3.1 would do the opposite and leave the existing non-null value.
New behavior
Starting with EF Core 5.0, non-null reference navigations are never overwritten by instances returned from a query.
Note that eager initialization of a collection navigation to an empty collection is still supported.
Why
Initialization of a reference navigation property to an "empty" entity instance results in an ambiguous state. For example:
public class Blog
{
public int Id { get; set; }
public Author Author { get; set; ) = new Author();
}
Normally a query for Blogs and Authors will first create Blog instances and then set the appropriate Author instances based on the data returned from the database. However, in this case every Blog.Author property is already initialized to an empty Author. Except EF Core has no way to know that this instance is "empty". So overwriting this instance could potentially silently throw away a valid Author. Therefore, EF Core 5.0 now consistently does not overwrite a navigation that is already initialized.
This new behavior also aligns with the behavior of EF6 in most cases, although upon investigation we also found some cases of inconsistency in EF6.
Mitigations
If this break is encountered, then the fix is to stop eagerly initializing reference navigation properties.
ToView() is treated differently by migrations
Old behavior
Calling ToView(string) made the migrations ignore the entity type in addition to mapping it to a view.
New behavior
Now ToView(string) marks the entity type as not mapped to a table in addition to mapping it to a view. This results in the first migration after upgrading to EF Core 5 to try to drop the default table for this entity type as it's not longer ignored.
Why
EF Core now allows an entity type to be mapped to both a table and a view simultaneously, so ToView is no longer a valid indicator that it should be ignored by migrations.
Mitigations
Use the following code to mark the mapped table as excluded from migrations:
protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
modelBuilder.Entity<User>().ToTable("UserView", t => t.ExcludeFromMigrations());
}
ToTable(null) marks the entity type as not mapped to a table
Old behavior
ToTable(null) would reset the table name to the default.
New behavior
ToTable(null) now marks the entity type as not mapped to any table.
Why
EF Core now allows an entity type to be mapped to both a table and a view simultaneously, so ToTable(null) is used to indicate that it isn't mapped to any table.
Mitigations
Use the following code to reset the table name to the default if it's not mapped to a view or a DbFunction:
protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
modelBuilder.Entity<User>().Metadata.RemoveAnnotation(RelationalAnnotationNames.TableName);
}
Low-impact changes
Removed HasGeometricDimension method from SQLite NTS extension
Old behavior
HasGeometricDimension was used to enable additional dimensions (Z and M) on geometry columns. However, it only ever affected database creation. It was unnecessary to specify it to query values with additional dimensions. It also didn't work correctly when inserting or updating values with additional dimensions (see #14257).
New behavior
To enable inserting and updating geometry values with additional dimensions (Z and M), the dimension needs to be specified as part of the column type name. This API matches more closely to the underlying behavior of SpatiaLite's AddGeometryColumn function.
Why
Using HasGeometricDimension after specifying the dimension in the column type is unnecessary and redundant, so we removed HasGeometricDimension entirely.
Mitigations
Use HasColumnType to specify the dimension:
modelBuilder.Entity<GeoEntity>(
x =>
{
// Allow any GEOMETRY value with optional Z and M values
x.Property(e => e.Geometry).HasColumnType("GEOMETRYZM");
// Allow only POINT values with an optional Z value
x.Property(e => e.Point).HasColumnType("POINTZ");
});
Azure Cosmos DB: Partition key is now added to the primary key
Old behavior
The partition key property was only added to the alternate key that includes id.
New behavior
The partition key property is now also added to the primary key by convention.
Why
This change makes the model better aligned with Azure Cosmos DB semantics and improves the performance of Find and some queries.
Mitigations
To prevent the partition key property to be added to the primary key, configure it in OnModelCreating.
modelBuilder.Entity<Blog>()
.HasKey(b => b.Id);
Azure Cosmos DB: id property renamed to __id
Old behavior
The shadow property mapped to the id JSON property was also named id.
New behavior
The shadow property created by convention is now named __id.
Why
This change makes it less likely that the id property clashes with an existing property on the entity type.
Mitigations
To go back to the 3.x behavior, configure the id property in OnModelCreating.
modelBuilder.Entity<Blog>()
.Property<string>("id")
.ToJsonProperty("id");
Azure Cosmos DB: byte[] is now stored as a base64 string instead of a number array
Old behavior
Properties of type byte[] were stored as a number array.
New behavior
Properties of type byte[] are now stored as a base64 string.
Why
This representation of byte[] aligns better with expectations and is the default behavior of the major JSON serialization libraries.
Mitigations
Existing data stored as number arrays will still be queried correctly, but currently there isn't a supported way to change back the insert behavior. If this limitation is blocking your scenario, comment on this issue
Azure Cosmos DB: GetPropertyName and SetPropertyName were renamed
Old behavior
Previously the extension methods were called GetPropertyName and SetPropertyName
New behavior
The old API was removed and new methods added: GetJsonPropertyName, SetJsonPropertyName
Why
This change removes the ambiguity around what these methods are configuring.
Mitigations
Use the new API.
Value generators are called when the entity state is changed from Detached to Unchanged, Updated, or Deleted
Old behavior
Value generators were only called when the entity state changed to Added.
New behavior
Value generators are now called when the entity state is changed from Detached to Unchanged, Updated, or Deleted and the property contains the default values.
Why
This change was necessary to improve the experience with properties that are not persisted to the data store and have their value generated always on the client.
Mitigations
To prevent the value generator from being called, assign a non-default value to the property before the state is changed.
IMigrationsModelDiffer now uses IRelationalModel
Old behavior
IMigrationsModelDiffer API was defined using IModel.
New behavior
IMigrationsModelDiffer API now uses IRelationalModel. However the model snapshot still contains only IModel as this code is part of the application and Entity Framework can't change it without making a bigger breaking change.
Why
IRelationalModel is a newly added representation of the database schema. Using it to find differences is faster and more accurate.
Mitigations
Use the following code to compare the model from snapshot with the model from context:
var dependencies = context.GetService<ProviderConventionSetBuilderDependencies>();
var relationalDependencies = context.GetService<RelationalConventionSetBuilderDependencies>();
var typeMappingConvention = new TypeMappingConvention(dependencies);
typeMappingConvention.ProcessModelFinalizing(((IConventionModel)modelSnapshot.Model).Builder, null);
var relationalModelConvention = new RelationalModelConvention(dependencies, relationalDependencies);
var sourceModel = relationalModelConvention.ProcessModelFinalized(snapshot.Model);
var modelDiffer = context.GetService<IMigrationsModelDiffer>();
var hasDifferences = modelDiffer.HasDifferences(
((IMutableModel)sourceModel).FinalizeModel().GetRelationalModel(),
context.Model.GetRelationalModel());
We are planning to improve this experience in 6.0 (see #22031)
Discriminators are read-only
Old behavior
It was possible to change the discriminator value before calling SaveChanges
New behavior
An exception will be thrown in the above case.
Why
EF doesn't expect the entity type to change while it is still being tracked, so changing the discriminator value leaves the context in an inconsistent state, which might result in unexpected behavior.
Mitigations
If changing the discriminator value is necessary and the context will be disposed immediately after calling SaveChanges, the discriminator can be made mutable:
modelBuilder.Entity<BaseEntity>()
.Property<string>("Discriminator")
.Metadata.SetAfterSaveBehavior(PropertySaveBehavior.Save);
Provider-specific EF.Functions methods throw for in-memory provider
Old behavior
Provider-specific EF.Functions methods contained implementation for client execution, which allowed them to be executed on the in-memory provider. For example, EF.Functions.DateDiffDay is a Sql Server specific method, which worked on InMemory provider.
New behavior
Provider-specific methods have been updated to throw an exception in their method body to block evaluating them on client side.
Why
Provider-specific methods map to a database function. The computation done by the mapped database function can't always be replicated on the client side in LINQ. It may cause the result from the server to differ when executing the same method on client. Since these methods are used in LINQ to translate to specific database functions, they don't need to be evaluated on client side. As the in-memory provider is a different database, these methods aren't available for this provider. Trying to execute them for InMemory provider, or any other provider that doesn't translate these methods, throws an exception.
Mitigations
Since there's no way to mimic behavior of database functions accurately, you should test the queries containing them against same kind of database as in production.
IndexBuilder.HasName is now obsolete
Old behavior
Previously, only one index could be defined over a given set of properties. The database name of an index was configured using IndexBuilder.HasName.
New behavior
Multiple indexes are now allowed on the same set or properties. These indexes are now distinguished by a name in the model. By convention, the model name is used as the database name; however it can also be configured independently using HasDatabaseName.
Why
In the future, we'd like to enable both ascending and descending indexes or indexes with different collations on the same set of properties. This change moves us another step in that direction.
Mitigations
Any code that was previously calling IndexBuilder.HasName should be updated to call HasDatabaseName instead.
If your project includes migrations generated prior to EF Core version 2.0.0, you can safely ignore the warning in those files and suppress it by adding #pragma warning disable 612, 618.
A pluralizer is now included for scaffolding reverse engineered models
Old behavior
Previously, you had to install a separate pluralizer package in order to pluralize DbSet and collection navigation names and singularize table names when scaffolding a DbContext and entity types by reverse engineering a database schema.
New behavior
EF Core now includes a pluralizer that uses the Humanizer library. This is the same library Visual Studio uses to recommend variable names.
Why
Using plural forms of words for collection properties and singular forms for types and reference properties is idiomatic in .NET.
Mitigations
To disable the pluralizer, use the --no-pluralize option on dotnet ef dbcontext scaffold or the -NoPluralize switch on Scaffold-DbContext.
INavigationBase replaces INavigation in some APIs to support skip navigations
Old behavior
EF Core prior to 5.0 supported only one form of navigation property, represented by the INavigation interface.
New behavior
EF Core 5.0 introduces many-to-many relationships which use "skip navigations". These are represented by the ISkipNavigation interface, and most of the functionality of INavigation has been pushed down to a common base interface: INavigationBase.
Why
Most of the functionality between normal and skip navigations is the same. However, skip navigations have a different relationship to foreign keys than normal navigations, since the FKs involved are not directly on either end of the relationship, but rather in the join entity.
Mitigations
In many cases applications can switch to using the new base interface with no other changes. However, in cases where the navigation is used to access foreign key properties, application code should either be constrained to only normal navigations, or updated to do the appropriate thing for both normal and skip navigations.
Some queries with correlated collection that also use Distinct or GroupBy are no longer supported
Old behavior
Previously, queries involving correlated collections followed by GroupBy, as well as some queries using Distinct we allowed to execute.
GroupBy example:
context.Parents
.Select(p => p.Children
.GroupBy(c => c.School)
.Select(g => g.Key))
Distinct example - specifically Distinct queries where inner collection projection doesn't contain the primary key:
context.Parents
.Select(p => p.Children
.Select(c => c.School)
.Distinct())
These queries could return incorrect results if the inner collection contained any duplicates, but worked correctly if all the elements in the inner collection were unique.
New behavior
These queries are no longer supported. Exception is thrown indicating that we don't have enough information to correctly build the results.
Why
For correlated collection scenarios we need to know entity's primary key in order to assign collection entities to the correct parent. When inner collection doesn't use GroupBy or Distinct, the missing primary key can simply be added to the projection. However in case of GroupBy and Distinct it can't be done because it would change the result of GroupBy or Distinct operation.
Mitigations
Rewrite the query to not use GroupBy or Distinct operations on the inner collection, and perform these operations on the client instead.
context.Parents
.Select(p => p.Children.Select(c => c.School))
.ToList()
.Select(x => x.GroupBy(c => c).Select(g => g.Key))
context.Parents
.Select(p => p.Children.Select(c => c.School))
.ToList()
.Select(x => x.Distinct())
Using a collection of Queryable type in projection is not supported
Old behavior
Previously, it was possible to use collection of a Queryable type inside the projection in some cases, for example as an argument to a List<T> constructor:
context.Blogs
.Select(b => new List<Post>(context.Posts.Where(p => p.BlogId == b.Id)))
New behavior
These queries are no longer supported. Exception is thrown indicating that we can't create an object of Queryable type and suggesting how this could be fixed.
Why
We can't materialize an object of a Queryable type, so they would automatically be created using List<T> type instead. This would often cause an exception due to type mismatch which was not very clear and could be surprising to some users. We decided to recognize the pattern and throw a more meaningful exception.
Mitigations
Add ToList() call after the Queryable object in the projection:
context.Blogs.Select(b => context.Posts.Where(p => p.BlogId == b.Id).ToList())
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