Quickstart: Install SQL Server and create a database on Ubuntu

Applies to: SQL Server - Linux

In this quickstart, you install SQL Server 2022 (16.x) on Ubuntu 20.04 or 22.04. Then you can connect with sqlcmd to create your first database and run queries.

For more information on supported platforms, see Release notes for SQL Server 2022 on Linux.

Tip

This tutorial requires user input and an internet connection. If you're interested in the unattended or offline installation procedures, see Installation guidance for SQL Server on Linux.

If you choose to have a preinstalled SQL Server virtual machine (VM) on Ubuntu ready to run your production-based workload, then follow the best practices for creating the SQL Server VM.

Azure Marketplace image

You can create your VM based on the following Azure Marketplace image: Ubuntu 20.04.

When you use this image, you avoid the installation step, and can directly configure the instance by providing the SKU and the sa password needed to get started with SQL Server. SQL Server Azure VMs deployed on Ubuntu Pro using the above Marketplace images, are fully supported by both Microsoft and Canonical.

You can configure SQL Server on Linux with mssql-conf, using the following command:

sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup

Caution

Your password should follow the SQL Server default password policy. By default, the password must be at least eight characters long and contain characters from three of the following four sets: uppercase letters, lowercase letters, base-10 digits, and symbols. Passwords can be up to 128 characters long. Use passwords that are as long and complex as possible.

Prerequisites

You must have an Ubuntu 20.04 machine with at least 2 GB of memory.

To install Ubuntu 20.04 on your own machine, go to https://releases.ubuntu.com/20.04/. You can also create Ubuntu virtual machines in Azure. See Tutorial: Create and Manage Linux VMs with the Azure CLI.

If you previously installed a Community Technology Preview (CTP) or Release Candidate (RC) of SQL Server, you must first remove the old repository before following these steps. For more information, see Configure repositories for installing and upgrading SQL Server on Linux.

The Windows Subsystem for Linux isn't supported as an installation target for SQL Server.

For other system requirements, see System requirements for SQL Server on Linux.

Install SQL Server

To configure SQL Server on Ubuntu, run the following commands in a terminal to install the mssql-server package.

Ubuntu 20.04

1. Import the public repository GPG keys:

   curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/microsoft.asc
   

2. Register the SQL Server Ubuntu repository:

   sudo add-apt-repository "$(wget -qO- https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/20.04/mssql-server-2022.list)"
   

   Tip

   If you want to install a different version of SQL Server, see the SQL Server 2017 (14.x) or SQL Server 2019 (15.x) versions of this article.

3. Run the following commands to install SQL Server:

   sudo apt-get update
   sudo apt-get install -y mssql-server
   

4. After the package installation finishes, run mssql-conf setup and follow the prompts to set the sa password and choose your edition. As a reminder, the following SQL Server editions are freely licensed: Evaluation, Developer, and Express.

   sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup
   

   Caution

   Your password should follow the SQL Server default password policy. By default, the password must be at least eight characters long and contain characters from three of the following four sets: uppercase letters, lowercase letters, base-10 digits, and symbols. Passwords can be up to 128 characters long. Use passwords that are as long and complex as possible.

5. Once the configuration is done, verify that the service is running:

   systemctl status mssql-server --no-pager
   

6. If you plan to connect remotely, you might also need to open the SQL Server TCP port (default 1433) on your firewall.

Ubuntu 22.04

1. Download the public key, convert from ASCII to GPG format, and write it to the required location:

   curl -fsSL https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/microsoft-prod.gpg
   

   If you receive a warning about the public key not being available, you can use the following command instead:

   curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/microsoft.asc
   

2. Manually download and register the SQL Server Ubuntu repository:

   curl -fsSL https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/22.04/mssql-server-2022.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-server-2022.list
   

   Tip

   If you want to install a different version of SQL Server, see the SQL Server 2017 (14.x) or SQL Server 2019 (15.x) versions of this article.

3. Run the following commands to install SQL Server:

   sudo apt-get update
   sudo apt-get install -y mssql-server
   

4. After the package installation finishes, run mssql-conf setup and follow the prompts to set the sa password and choose your edition. As a reminder, the following SQL Server editions are freely licensed: Evaluation, Developer, and Express.

   sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup
   

   Caution

   Your password should follow the SQL Server default password policy. By default, the password must be at least eight characters long and contain characters from three of the following four sets: uppercase letters, lowercase letters, base-10 digits, and symbols. Passwords can be up to 128 characters long. Use passwords that are as long and complex as possible.

5. Once the configuration is done, verify that the service is running:

   systemctl status mssql-server --no-pager
   

6. If you plan to connect remotely, you might also need to open the SQL Server TCP port (default 1433) on your firewall.

At this point, SQL Server is running on your Ubuntu machine and is ready to use.

Disable the SA account as a best practice

When you connect to your SQL Server instance using the system administrator (sa) account for the first time after installation, it's important for you to follow these steps, and then immediately disable the sa account as a security best practice.

1. Create a new login, and make it a member of the sysadmin server role.

   • Depending on whether you have a container or non-container deployment, enable Windows authentication, and create a new Windows-based login and add it to the sysadmin server role.

     • Tutorial: Use adutil to configure Active Directory authentication with SQL Server on Linux

     • Tutorial: Configure Active Directory authentication with SQL Server on Linux containers

   • Otherwise, create a login using SQL Server authentication, and add it to the sysadmin server role.

2. Connect to the SQL Server instance using the new login you created.

3. Disable the sa account, as recommended for security best practice.

Install the SQL Server command-line tools

To create a database, you need to connect with a tool that can run Transact-SQL statements on SQL Server. The following steps install the SQL Server command-line tools: sqlcmd utility and bcp utility.

Use the following steps to install the mssql-tools18 on Ubuntu.

Note

• Ubuntu 18.04 is supported starting with SQL Server 2019 (15.x) CU 3.
• Ubuntu 20.04 is supported starting with SQL Server 2019 (15.x) CU 10.

1. Import the public repository GPG keys.

   curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/microsoft.asc
   

2. Register the Microsoft Ubuntu repository.

   • For Ubuntu 22.04, use the following command:

     curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/22.04/prod.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-release.list
     

   • For Ubuntu 20.04, use the following command:

     curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/20.04/prod.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-release.list
     

   • For Ubuntu 18.04, use the following command:

     curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/18.04/prod.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-release.list
     

   • For Ubuntu 16.04, use the following command:

     curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/16.04/prod.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-release.list
     

3. Update the sources list and run the installation command with the unixODBC developer package.

   sudo apt-get update
   sudo apt-get install mssql-tools18 unixodbc-dev
   

   To update to the latest version of mssql-tools, run the following commands:

   sudo apt-get update
   sudo apt-get install mssql-tools18
   

4. Optional: Add /opt/mssql-tools18/bin/ to your PATH environment variable in a bash shell.

   To make sqlcmd and bcp accessible from the bash shell for login sessions, modify your PATH in the ~/.bash_profile file with the following command:

   echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools18/bin"' >> ~/.bash_profile
   source ~/.bash_profile
   

   To make sqlcmd and bcp accessible from the bash shell for interactive/non-login sessions, modify the PATH in the ~/.bashrc file with the following command:

   echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools18/bin"' >> ~/.bashrc
   source ~/.bashrc
   

Connect locally

The following steps use sqlcmd to locally connect to your new SQL Server instance.

Caution

Your password should follow the SQL Server default password policy. By default, the password must be at least eight characters long and contain characters from three of the following four sets: uppercase letters, lowercase letters, base-10 digits, and symbols. Passwords can be up to 128 characters long. Use passwords that are as long and complex as possible.

1. Run sqlcmd with parameters for your SQL Server name (-S), the user name (-U), and the password (-P). In this tutorial, you connect locally, so the server name is localhost. The user name is sa and the password is the one you provided for the sa account during setup.

   sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P '<password>'
   

   Note

   Newer versions of sqlcmd are secure by default. For more information about connection encryption, see sqlcmd utility for Windows, and Connecting with sqlcmd for Linux and macOS. If the connection doesn't succeed, you can add the -No option to sqlcmd to specify that encryption is optional, not mandatory.

   You can omit the password on the command line to be prompted to enter it.

   If you later decide to connect remotely, specify the machine name or IP address for the -S parameter, and make sure port 1433 is open on your firewall.

2. If successful, you should get to a sqlcmd command prompt: 1>.

3. If you get a connection failure, first attempt to diagnose the problem from the error message. Then review the connection troubleshooting recommendations.

Create and query data

The following sections walk you through using sqlcmd to create a new database, add data, and run a simple query.

For more information about writing Transact-SQL statements and queries, see Tutorial: Write Transact-SQL statements.

Create a new database

The following steps create a new database named TestDB.

1. From the sqlcmd command prompt, paste the following Transact-SQL command to create a test database:

   CREATE DATABASE TestDB;
   

2. On the next line, write a query to return the name of all of the databases on your server:

   SELECT Name
   FROM sys.databases;
   

3. The previous two commands aren't executed immediately. You must type GO on a new line to execute the previous commands:

   GO
   

Insert data

Next create a new table, dbo.Inventory, and insert two new rows.

1. From the sqlcmd command prompt, switch context to the new TestDB database:

   USE TestDB;
   

2. Create new table named dbo.Inventory:

   CREATE TABLE dbo.Inventory
   (
       id INT,
       name NVARCHAR (50),
       quantity INT,
       PRIMARY KEY (id)
   );
   

3. Insert data into the new table:

   INSERT INTO dbo.Inventory
   VALUES (1, 'banana', 150);
   
   INSERT INTO dbo.Inventory
   VALUES (2, 'orange', 154);
   

4. Type GO to execute the previous commands:

   GO
   

Select data

Now, run a query to return data from the dbo.Inventory table.

1. From the sqlcmd command prompt, enter a query that returns rows from the dbo.Inventory table where the quantity is greater than 152:

   SELECT *
   FROM dbo.Inventory
   WHERE quantity > 152;
   

2. Execute the command:

   GO
   

Exit the sqlcmd command prompt

To end your sqlcmd session, type QUIT:

QUIT

Performance best practices

After installing SQL Server on Linux, review the best practices for configuring Linux and SQL Server to improve performance for production scenarios. For more information, see Performance best practices and configuration guidelines for SQL Server on Linux.

Cross-platform data tools

In addition to sqlcmd, you can use the following cross-platform tools to manage SQL Server:

Tool	Description
Azure Data Studio	A cross-platform GUI database management utility.
Visual Studio Code	A cross-platform GUI code editor that run Transact-SQL statements with the mssql extension.
PowerShell Core	A cross-platform automation and configuration tool based on cmdlets.
mssql-cli	A cross-platform command-line interface for running Transact-SQL commands.

Connect from Windows

SQL Server tools on Windows connect to SQL Server instances on Linux in the same way they would connect to any remote SQL Server instance.

If you have a Windows machine that can connect to your Linux machine, try the same steps in this topic from a Windows command-prompt running sqlcmd. You must use the target Linux machine name or IP address rather than localhost, and make sure that TCP port 1433 is open on the SQL Server machine. If you have any problems connecting from Windows, see connection troubleshooting recommendations.

For other tools that run on Windows but connect to SQL Server on Linux, see:

• SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)
• Windows PowerShell
• SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT)

Other deployment scenarios

For other installation scenarios, see the following resources:

• Upgrade: Learn how to upgrade an existing installation of SQL Server on Linux
• Uninstall: Uninstall SQL Server on Linux
• Unattended install: Learn how to script the installation without prompts
• Offline install: Learn how to manually download the packages for offline installation

For answers to frequently asked questions, see the SQL Server on Linux FAQ.

Related content

• Migrate a SQL Server database from Windows to Linux using backup and restore

Contribute to SQL documentation

Did you know that you can edit SQL content yourself? If you do so, not only do you help improve our documentation, but you also get credited as a contributor to the page.

For more information, see Edit Microsoft Learn documentation.